Byways in British Archaeology

butts erected in, or near, 353; unenclosed, 354-6; yews, 360-407; and shelter trees, 383 Cicero, cited, 70 Cidaris (= fossil echinoderm), 307 Cimbrians, the, and the brazen bull, 482 Cinerary urns, 84, 85 Cinque Ports, the, 137 “Cippi” (= stocks), 167 Cirencester (Glos.), 288 Cists, at Alloa, 275; in burials, 277 City churches, and their parishes, 235 Civil War, use of mounds during the, 57; churches used as fortresses during, 118, 496 “Clachan,” 49 Clapham (Bedford), church tower, 111; re-dedication of church, 233 Clapham (Sussex), 356 n. Clare, Lord, and oxen, 454 Clark, Mr G. T., on moated mounds, 54, 55; Earl’s Barton mound, 62; Irish round towers, 121 Clay-with-Flints, 303 Clee (Lincs.), church tower, 110; walnut tree in churchyard, 384 Cleethorpes (Lincs.), 110 Clerk-ales, 179 Clerkenwell (London), spring, 96 Cleveland (Yorks.), burial customs, 291, 295 Cley Hill (Wilts.), 194 Cloictechs (= belfries), 120 Cloisters, position of, 329-30 Clovelly (Devon), 496 Clungunford (Salop), 180 Clynnog (N. Wales), 482 Cobbett, William, on raised churchyards, 91; size of churches, 133 Cobham (Kent), 45 Cochet, M. L’Abbé, on acoustic jars, 447 Cockerington (Lincs.), 137 Cock-fighting, in

churches, 190 “Coenacula” (= upper rooms), 148 Coffins, use of, 271-7; stone, 271-2, 309; wooden, 271, 272; leaden, 271, 273, 274 n.; of tree trunks, 273, 274, 275; objects placed in, 309; filled with shells, 309; of chalk, 351 Coifi, destruction of heathen temple by, 436 Coins, placed in graves, 274, 295-8, 310; early British, 434; Athenian, 481 Coke, Lord, on agriculture, 468 Colchester, Museum, 84; Archdeaconry of, 187; leaden coffins at, 272, 273 Coldred (Kent), 15 Coleshill (Warwick), 353 Coliseum, the (Rome), 451 “Collis Credulitatis,” 65 Columbaria, or culver-houses, 188 Combs, in graves, 310-11 Compass, early use of mariner’s, 228; points of, as determined by the Arabs and Eskimos, 326 Conciones (= assemblies), 383, 403 Congress of Archaeological Societies, on earthworks, 14 Conington, Prof. J., on the Carthaginians, 442 Consistory Courts, 138-9 Constantine (Cornwall), ruined church, 31, 41 Constantine, Emperor, 2, 274 Constantinople, 186 Continuity, of tradition, 3, 86, 106; of sites, 3, 10, 23, 42, 80, 86-7, 95, 99; in burial customs, 279, 313, 317 Conulus (= fossil echinoderm), 303 Conway, Mr M. C., on Lord Palmerston’s funeral, 310 Conwenz, Prof. H., on “yew” in

place-names, 403 Coombe (Sussex), 78 Coote, H. C., on yew superstitions, 399 Copenhagen, siege of, 439 Copenhagen (= Wellington’s horse), 432 Coppes (= stocks), 167 Coptic churches, 220 Corbett, Mr W. I., on shoeing oxen, 468 Corbridge (Northumberland), 107 Cordiner, C., on Benachie church, 48 Corfe Castle (Dorset), 52, 53 Corhampton (Hants.), mound, 74; sundial, 162 Corn, burnt on graves, 318 Corn gods, 318, 436, 440 n. Corn spirit (see under Corn gods) Cornwall, crosses of, 36, 46-7; megaliths, 48, 253, 308; holy wells, 92, 96-7; churches with double dedications, 234; prehistoric monuments, 253, 256; burial custom, 310; teeth superstition, 322; use of oxen in, 457, 486 Coronation Stone, the, 43 Coulsdon (Surrey), 101 Councils, of Arles, 2; Milan, 212; Celchyth, 437 Countisbury (Devon), 345 County Courts, 136 Court of Arches, 138 Courts, held in churches, 65, 136-8, 140; rolls of, kept in churches, 168 Coventry, St Michael’s church, 230; St Mary’s church, 230 Coverdale, Miles, on symbolism of cardinal points, 337-8 Cowries, 296, 308 “Cow-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), 309 Cox, Mr J., chipped celt, 80 Cox, Dr J. C., on Hathersage earthwork, 16; Abinger mound, 63; church

armour, 159, 284; plays in churches, 181, 183; secular drama, 183; horn dancers, 185; deflection in churches, 235, 236 Crag (geological formation), 308 Cranborne Chase, barrow, 30; discoveries in, 105, 296; yews, 392, 403; horseshoes, 424, 428 Crawley, Mr A. E., his Idea of the Soul, cited, 282 Creçy (France), 389 Cremation, early, 260, 275; disuse of, 275-6, 277; Macrobius on, 276; ceremonies, 290, 316 Cressets, on churches, 162 Crinan (Argyle), 299 Cro-Magnon (France), 415 Cromlech, use of term, 28, 34; near churches, 45, 48, 49; theories concerning, 98, 253-8; as places of assembly, 98; developments from, 270 (see also Stone-circles) Cronks (= toot-hills), 71 Crooke, Mr W., on research, 494 Cross-bow, antiquity of, 385-9; description, 387; later history, 389-90 Crosses, of Devon and Cornwall, 36; Bewcastle, 87; evolution of, 270; wooden, 312, 347; churchyard, 328, 348; Bakewell, 329; preaching, 353; symbolism, 357, 358 Crossing, Mr W., on crosses of Dartmoor, 36 Cross-roads, burials at, 357-9 Crowhurst (Surrey), 377, 378, 404 Crowhurst (Sussex), 377 Crowle (Lincs.), 165 Croyland (Lincs.), 480 Crozier, in graves, 312 Crypts, 148, 150, 216 n. Crystal balls, in Saxon graves,

299-300 Cublington (Bucks.), 59 Cudham (Kent), 101 Cues, 471, 472-3 Cult of the horse, the, 408-51 Cultivation, ancient, 460, 497 Culver-houses, 188 Cupar-Angus (Perth), 12 Cuxton (Kent), 4 Cybele, image of, 198 Cycles, in astronomy, 256 Cymbeline, quoted, 246 Cypress, the, in Greece, 383; Rome, 383; in English churchyards, 384; in Southern Europe, 401 Cyrus, king of the Persians, 433 Czechs, burial custom of the, 287 Dale, Mr W., on Mottestone menhir, 45; Twyford stones, 45 Danby-in-Cleveland (Yorks.); charcoal in graves, 289; funeral feasts, 319; burial-mounds, 357 Dancing, in churches, 183-5; at Easter, 185; at Christmas, 185 Danes, and white horses, 435; and horseflesh, 439 Danes’ Graves, 71, 261 Daniel, praying towards Jerusalem, 218 Danish invasion, in Yorkshire, 108; in Lincolnshire, 108-11; in Ireland, 122; and Irish round towers, 122; in Essex, 200 Darenth (Kent), 428, 429 Darley (Derby), armour stored in church, 159; yew-tree, 369, 376, 403; British dwellings, 403 David, his cavalry and chariots, 420 Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, on horse remains in caves, 417-18; long-horned cattle, 479 Dawns Mên (Cornwall), 256 Day spring, day star, 220 De Candolle, Augustin de, on age of

yews, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 371, 375; his Physiologie végétale, 370; Fortingal yew, 375; Brabourne yew, 376; Fountains yew, 377 Deccan, meaning of the word, 326 Declination of magnetic needle, 228 Deddington (Oxford), 272 n. Dedication festivals, 191, 192 Dedications of churches, to St Michael, 129; lost, 191; connection with alinements, 209, 225-6, 227, 234-5; double, 234-5 Defensive towers, 107-18, 150 Deflected chancels, theories concerning, 232-9; and rebuilding of church, 232-4, 237; and double dedications, 234-5; symbolism of, 235-7; aesthetical explanation, 238-41 Defoe, Daniel, on carriage oxen, 484, 484 n. De Groot, J. J. M., on Chinese burial custom, 296 De Henley (see Walter de Henley) Deiseal, the, 330 Dekker, Thomas, on the yew, 382 De Montfaucon, Father B., on ancient gem, 318; early horseshoe, 424, 424 n. Denbighshire, circular churchyards of, 99 Denford (Northants.), 448 Denmark, horse sacrifices in, 435; acoustic jars found in, 447 Dentalium (= marine shell), 308 Denton (Sussex), 345 Derbyshire, church quarrel, 187; teeth superstition, 322 Deritend (Birmingham), 211 Detached towers, 122-3 Devenish (Fermanagh), 118, 119 Devil’s Door, 18, 331, 332, 336; Dykes,

18; Highways, 18; Nightcap, 36 Devon, crosses of, 36; church towers of, 118; tombstones, 275; teeth superstition, 322; skull superstition, 444; oxen, 454 Dexter, dexterous, meaning of, 326, 327 Diabolism, 18, 83, 103 Dials (see Sundials) Diana, supposed temple in London, 43; image of, 198 Didron, M. É., on acoustic jars, 447 Diocletian persecution, the, 274 Dionysos, and Yule-tide, 27 Ditchling (Sussex), use of oxen, 455; shoeing of oxen, 469, 473 Dithmar, Bishop of Mersburg, 435 Divination, 327, 402, 434, 435 Dode (Kent), 40 Dog, domestication of the, 415 Dogs, in churches, 189-90 “Dog-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), 309 Dog tongs, 169, 190 Dog-whippers, 189, 190 Dolmens, 28, 34; developments from, 270 Domesday Book, place-names, 33, 45; and traditions, 375; respecting yews, 375, 377; horseshoes, 426; oxen, 455-6, 458 Dominicum, meaning of word, 147 Domville, Silas (see Taylor, Silas) Donative (= church outside episcopal jurisdiction), 132 Donington (Salop), 95 Donner-stral (= thunder-stone), 198 Doom-rings (= stone-circles), 65 Dooms, over church gateways, 336 Doors, church, notices on, 143; baptisms at, 143; marriages at, 143, 156; position of, 348, 349 Doorward, the, 149

Dorchester (Dorset), 402; Roman ash-pits, 468 Dorset, burials, 264, 288, 307; employment of oxen in, 452, 454, 458 Douglas, J., his Nenia Britannica, 288, 289, 307; fossil belemnites, 307 Doulting (Somerset), 95 Dovecots, in churches and churchyards, 188 Dover Castle, church at, 19, 20; pharos, 19, 20 Down (Kent), 101 Downton (Wilts.), moot-hill, 64; horse-burial, 431 Doyle, Sir A. Conan, quoted, 391 Drax, Col., on fossils found in Dorset barrow, 307 Drontheim (Norway), 433 Droxford (Hants.), 250 n. Druids, and the Agglestone, 36; circles of, 98; as astronomers, 254, 257; and yew-trees, 400, 401; persistence of, 402 Dryburgh (Berwick), 372 Dryden, on the yew, 382; translation of Virgil, 442 Duddingston (Midlothian), 157 Duddo (Northumberland), 426 Duff, Sir Mountstuart Grant, on Burgundian burial custom, 296 Dufour, M. L’Abbé V., translation of Keysler, 435 n., 438; on horseflesh, 438-9 Duggleby Howe (Yorks.), 66 “Dug-out” coffins, 275, 278 Duguesclin, Bertrand, burial of, 431 Duloe (Cornwall), 48 “Dumb borsholder” (= court mace), 167, 496 Dun Cow of Warwick, 199, 485 Dungiven (co. Derry), 93 Dunsfold (Surrey), 221 n. Dunsley (Yorks.), 289 Dunstable Downs (Beds.), 303 Dunston

pillar (Lincoln), 130 Dupont, M., on shells found in caverns, 308 Durandus, on eggs in churches, 202; on word “temple,” 210-11; orientation of churches, 211, 224, 226; editors of, 231; orientation of graves, 243; charcoal in graves, 291, 292; evergreens at funerals, 291 n., 323; reading of the Gospel, 337; burial out of sanctuary, 353, 353 n.; graveyards, 353 Durham, cathedral, court held in, 138; St Cuthbert’s grave, 311; Abbey, 459 Dymond, Mr C. W., on Stanton Drew circle, 46 Earle, John, quoted, 268 Earl’s Barton (Northants.), 62 Early Iron Age, 248, 249, 257, 261, 283, 312, 429, 433, 483 Earth-burial (see Inhumation) “Earth-to-earth,” discussion of phrase, 315-16 Earthwork of England, cited, 14 Earthworks, churches near, 13-18; classification, 14, 15, 16, 495; Mediaeval, 16, 60, 89; fairs held in, 193; sports in, 193-4; superstitions concerning, 195-6; alinement of, 252, 258-9 Easington (Yorks.), 274 East, prayer towards the, 212, 214, 217; orientation to, 214-24; symbolism respecting, 217, 224; Welsh superstition, 246; as cardinal point, 326, 327; in place-names, 339, 340 East-and-West burial, 80, 83, 243-9 (see also Orientation) East Bedfont (Middlesex), 384 East

Blatchington (Sussex), 79 Eastbourne (Sussex), 430 East Cardinham (Cornwall), 37 East Dean (Sussex), discovery at, 80; church tower, 125 East Dereham (Norfolk), 97 Easter, feasts, 180, 255; Passion Plays, 180-1; dances, 185; eggs, 202 East Harling (Norfolk), 448 East Ilsley (Berks.), 454 Eastville (Lincs.), 206 East Wellow (Hants.), 201 Ebchester (Durham), 12 Ecclesfield (Yorks.), name, 147; church porch, 155; burial on North side, 342 Eccleshall (Staffs.), 147 Ecclesia, meaning of word, 146, 148; in place-names, 147 Ecclesiastes, cited, 337 Eccleston (Cheshire), 82 n. Eccleston (Lancs.), 147 Echinocorys ovatus, 303 Echinoderms, fossil, 302-4, 309 Echternach (Luxembourg), 185 Eclipses, 397 Eddas, the, cited, 328 Edenbridge (Kent), 425, 426 Edgar, injunction of, 187 Edinburgh, graveyard, 351; Bristol Street meeting-house, 445 Edlingham (Northumberland), 107 Edlington (Lincs.), 157 Edmund Ironsides, battle with Canute, 200 Edward the Confessor, 108 Edward VII, funeral of, 432 Efenechtyd (Denbigh), 98 Eggs, in churches, 202; Easter, 202 Egypt, churches of, 220; temples of, 221-2, 239, 254; the horse in, 420; horse-head custom, 440; paintings on sepulchres, 481; ox-worship, 484

Eisteddfod, its aims, 98; stone-circles erected at, 98, 256 Ekkehard, the Younger, grace written by, 438 Elkstone (Glos.), 188 Elms, experiment on, 366-7; in churchyards, 384, 385 Elsdon (Northumberland), 445, 446 Elton, Mr C. I., on amber ornaments, 301; hive bees in Ireland, 395 Ely cathedral, market in, 192; deflection, 230 Enclosure Act, of 1811, 141 Encrinites, fossil, 308 Enfield Chase, 162 English Dialect Dictionary, quoted, 473 Enisheim (Alsace-Lorraine), 198 Entasis, of spires, 239, 240 Eocene ancestors of the horse, 408-9 Eostre (deity), 195 Epistle, the, read from South side, 337 Epworth (Lincs.), 342 Equinoxes, orientation at, 211, 222, 229, 237, 241, 256, 258 Equus, genus, 411; prejevalskii, 413, 416; caballus, 417 Esgor, Welsh church of, 398 Eskimos, and the points of the compass, 326 Essex, Roman remains in church walls, 4; animals in churches and churchyards, 186, 187; oxen, 454 Ethelbert, conversion of, 26 Evans, Sir A. J., on cremation and inhumation, 276 Evans, Sir J., on tumulus in Flanders, 283; perforated hammer from Wiltshire, 305; Saxon necklace, 307; Roman cross-bow, 387 Evelyn, John, taught in a church porch, 153; on Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 208;

funeral custom, 310; Woldingham church, 355; Brabourne yew, 376; Scottshall yew, 378 Evergreens, at funerals, 291 n., 323; on graves, 400 Eversley (Hants.), 345 Evesham (Worcester), 122 Evolution of the English House, cited, 71 Evolution of Irish round towers, 120 Ewart, Prof. H. Cossar, on the ancestry of the horse, 408; cave horses, 413; wild horses, 418 n. Excommunicated persons, burial of, 351 Exeter, St Mary Major, 9, 206; Synod of, 140, 196, 383 Eynesford (Kent), 38, 272 Ezekiel, and the sun-worshippers, 218 “Facing the sun theory,” 249-52 Fairford (Glos.), 288 Fairies, 103, 104, 106, 196 Fairs, miracle plays performed at, 183; dates of, 191; held in earthworks, 193; and Gorsedds, 193; of the “May-Year,” 193; near yew-trees, 404 Fairwell (Staffs.), 448 “Fairy loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303 Fairy’s Toot (Staffs.), 71 Fairy tales, 440 Falmer (Sussex), position of church, 101; churchyard, 344; oxen employed at, 454, 455 Faringdon, or Farington (Hants.), 344 Faversham (Kent), 79 “Feld-cirice” (= field-church), 354 Fergusson, J., on Mediaeval municipal buildings, 137; orientation of churches, 213, 215, 216; development of early churches, 215; on St Ouen, 237 Fermanagh

(Ireland), 361 Ferrara (Italy), 216 Ferring (Sussex), 496 Festivals, pagan, 27, 195, 255, 435; plural, for one saint, 225-6 Fewston (Yorks.), 52 Ffynnon Baglan (Carnarvon), 94 Ffynnon Beris (Carnarvon), 94 “Fig Sunday” (= Palm Sunday), 194 Fiji, burial customs, 247 Fimber (Yorks.), 78 Finglas (co. Dublin), 395 Finmark, 228 Finns, burial custom, 429 Finntann, and the king of Tara, 402 Fire-engines, in churches, 163 Fire-kindlers, in barrows, 285-6, 293, 294, 313 Fireplaces, in churches, 154, 188 Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, on ox-bows, 462; beef as food, 466; comparison of horse and ox, 466; shoeing horses and oxen, 470, 471 Fitzstephen (see William Fitzstephen) Flanders, tumulus in, 283 Fleming, J., on hippo-sandals, 428 Fletcher, Mr H. P., on orientation, 209 Flint, implements, in churchyards, 79, 80; in barrows, 283; chips, in graves 285-6, 291-3; in Saxon and British barrows, 285, 305, 315; works, 375 Flintshire, circular churchyards of, 99 Florence Court yew, 361 Flowers, on graves, 322-3 Fluor spar, in graves, 308 Folk-lore, respecting isolated churches, 17, 103-4, 106; thunderbolts, 197, 198; Welsh, 246; concerning the East, 246; Scandinavian, 246; objects in graves, 294-8,

300; funeral coins, 295-7; amber, 300-2; fossils, 302-4, 308; teeth, 321-2; of the cardinal points, 324-59, 404; burial on the North side, 342, 343, 352; yew, 396-9; Sclavonic, 397; of horse, 438, 439; of horse-skulls, 440-1, 442; oxen, 473, 475, 481 Folk-memory, concerning graves, 86, 87, 320; and treasure, 87; and the Danes, 108, 120; Civil War, 118; squints, 149; earthworks, 194; church customs, 203, 489; orientation of graves, 252, 259, 490; burial of coins, 296; determination of one’s position, 326; churchyard yew, 360, 396, 490-1; and horseshoes, 427; horse-burial, 431; horse-skulls, 444; acoustic jars, 451; ploughing oxen, 475, 492; general conclusions, 488-94 Folk-moots, at megaliths, 34, 63; in stone-circles, 34, 66; at mounds, 64; in churches, 66, 148; of Saxons, 167; and sacrifices, 438 Food, offered to weapons, 285 Ford (Northumberland), 426, 427 Ford (Sussex), 345 Fordington (Dorset), 80 n. Forel, Prof. F., 249 n. Fortingal, or -gale (Perth), 375-6, 379, 403 Fortuna, goddess, 202 Forum, at Silchester, 25 Fossils, at Little Coates, 72; in churches, 197, 199; in graves, 302-8 Foulis, Mr W. A., on Inchlonaig, 392 n. Foundation sacrifices, 83, 444 Fountains Abbey

(Yorks.), yews of, 377; acoustic jars, 448 Fox, Mr G. E., on basilica at Silchester, 24 Fox’s skull, on door, 443; paws, 443 n. Fraipoint, M. J., on domestication of the horse, 415 Frampton (Dorset), 5 Frampton (Lincs.), 309 France, church porches, 143; orientation, 210; statue-menhirs, 268; caves of, 308; burial customs, 311; sale of horseflesh, 439; oxen, 452 Francis, Mr J., on Pirton church, 41 Frankfort-on-the-Main, 126 Frankish burials, 283, 285, 290; burial of chariots, 429; oxen, 484 Frazer, Prof. J. G., on burial customs, 251, 319, 358; on animism, 280; Totemism and Exogamy, cited, 281, 436; Golden Bough, cited, 400; harvest customs, 436; Athenian sacrifices, 484; Egyptian reverence for the ox, 484 Fream, Dr W., on ancient ploughs, 497 Freeman, E. A., on church towers of Gower, 113; of South Pembroke, 113, 115; battle near Canewdon, 200; place-name Canewdon, 200-1 Freemasons, orientation practised by, 209; Scotch lodges and orientation of churches, 209; and magnetic needle, 227, 228 Frensham (Surrey), 178 Freya, prayers to, 28 Friedlander, L., on early Christianity and paganism, 28 Frost, Nicholas, bowyer to Henry IV, 393 Fulstow (Lincs.), traces of earthwork, 16; pillar

cross, 36 Funeral superstitions, 280, 286-7, 292-300; feasts, 319-21, 419; use of yew, 382-3, 399, 403 Furies, and yew torches, 399 Gable ornaments, 440, 441 Gaelic, survival of terms, 49 “Galilee” (= porch), 138 Galleries in church porches, 155 Gallows, discussion of word, 68, 69 n. Gallows (or Galley) Hill, 68 Gamekeepers’ gibbet, 443 Gamla Upsala (Sweden), 28 Gardner, Mr W., on castle-mounds, 55 Garvestone (Norfolk), 347 Garway (Hereford), 188 Gasquet, Dr F. A., on guilds, 175 Gatty, Dr A., on burials at Ecclesfield, 342 Gatty, Rev. R. A., and horse remains, 418 n. Gauchos, horses of the, 472 Gayton-le-Wold (Lincs.), 462 Geneva, 231 Genoese bowmen, 389 Gentleman’s Magazine, cited, 447 Geologists’ Association, London, 41 Germanicus Caesar, 432 Germany, stone-circles, 256; ancient burial customs, 276, 296; folk-lore respecting yew, 397; ancient tribal groves, 433; horse sacrifice, 434; horse-head superstition, 440, 444; gable ornaments, 441; “hoodening horse,” 441; oxen, 452, 477 Ghosts, worship of, 280; fear of, 287, 357-8, 359 Giant’s Grave (Penrith), 50 “Giants’ bones,” in churches, 198, 199 Gillebrand, on variation of magnetic needle, 228 Gillen, F. J. (and B. Spencer), on

Australian custom, 321-2 Gilpin, William, on Boldre maple, 384; on bows, 389 Gipsy burial, 312 Giraldus de Barri (or Cambrensis), on yews in Ireland, 394, 395 Glacial period, 72, 361 Glastonbury (Somerset), Abbey, 23; Tor, 16, 131; shrine, 192; lake-village, 302 Glinton (Northants.), 240 Gloucester cathedral, 170 Gloucestershire, tombstones, 275; oxen of, 454 Gneist, H. R. von, on parish vestry, 141 Gobi Desert, 413 God-, prefix in place-names, 31, 32 Godley, hundred in Surrey, 32 Godney (Somerset), 31, 32 “God’s Acre,” 263, 404 “God’s Cows,” 481 Gods of cultivation, 318 Godstone (Surrey), 31, 32 “Godstones,” in Irish graves, 299 Gold, in graves, 310 Golden Age, the, 484 Gomme, Sir G. L., on early Christianity, 25; open-air courts, 63, 136, 140, 404; well-worship, 94; St Paul’s Cathedral, 136; courts leet, 140; Irish druidism, 402; Essex custom, 443 Good Friday, sports, 195; dancing, 195 Goodmanham, or Godmundingham (Yorks.), 32, 436 Goodrich (Hereford), name, 32; castle, 58 Googe, Barnabe, his Popish Kingdome, quoted, 174 Gordon-Cumming, Miss C. F., determination of position among the Highlanders, 327; Hebridean burial custom, 352 Gorm, grave of, 28 Gorseddau (= assemblies), 98;

dates of, 193, 257; connected with stone-circles, 255, 256, 257 Gospel, read from North side, 337 “Gospel Book,” 168 Gothic architecture, 216, 240, 241 Gould, Mr I. Chalkley, on castle-mounds, 54; St Weonard’s mound, 56 Gower, churches of, 112-16 Gowland, Prof. W., on trilithons in Japan, 255 Grantham (Lincs.), 143 Grasmere (Westmoreland), 496 Grave-gifts, 80, 279, 280, 282-315 Grave-mounds, derivation of modern examples, 259-60; round, 264, 265; trees on, 270 (see also Barrows) Graves, orientation of, 243-67; early, 259; ancient groups, 261-2; objects found in, 279, 282-5; flints, 285-6, 287, 288-9, 291-4; broken pottery, 286-7, 289, 292-3; charcoal, 289-91, 292; coins, 295-8; white pebbles, 299; fossils, 302-8; mirrors, 310; combs, 310-11; chalice and paten, 312; trees on, 400 Gravesend (Kent), 187 Gravestones (see Headstones) Gray, Mr J., on stone-circles, 254 n. Gray, Thomas, Elegy, quoted, 264, 384 Great Bear, used for direction, 325 Great Bookham (Surrey), 384 Great Canfield (Essex), 54, 59 Great Casterton (Rutland), 12 Great Coates (Lincs.), 384 Great Missenden (Bucks.), 267 Great Salkeld (Cumberland), font, 7; church tower, 107 Great Wigborough (Essex), 76 Greece, temples

of, 152, 222; divination in, 327; funeral custom, 401; horses, 419 Greeks, and sun-worship, 219; temples of, 239; burial customs, 295, 296, 312, 317, 319, 383; wheat at funerals, 318; divination, 327; horse-lore of, 419, 434; at Marathon, 419; sacrifice of ox, 481 Greenland, burial customs, 284 Greenwell, Canon W., on barrow burials, 249; statistics respecting burial alinements, 249, 251; objects in barrows, 282, 307; white stones in graves, 299; fossil ammonite, 307; barrow funerals, 316; burial on North side of mound, 356; on the horse, 416, 417; Arras burials, 430; discovery at Hunmanby, 430 Gregory I, Pope, letter to Abbot Mellitus, 26, 482; on burial in churchyards, 353 Gregory II, Pope, 437 Gregory III, Pope, letter to St Boniface, 437 Gresham (Norfolk), 79, 80 “Greywethers” (= sarsen stones), 38 Griffith, Rev. J., on fairs and Gorseddau, 192-3; orientation of Welsh churches, 229; alinement of earthworks, 258-9 Grimm, J., on heathen trees and temples, 26, 32; “donner-stral,” 198; sun-worship, 219; epigram, 333; sacred horses, 433; horse-heads, 441, 442; sacrifice of the ox, 481; “God’s cows,” 481 Grimsby (Lincs.), 73 Gristhorpe (Yorks.), 272, 273, 274 Grosseteste, Bishop,

and markets in churches, 173 “Grosseteste’s Rules,” cited, 471 Gubernatis, Prof. A. de, on mythology of the horse, 439 Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age, cited, 248, 430 Guildhall Museum, London, 424 Guildhalls, 138, 175, 176 Guilds, Mediaeval, 138, 181 Gumfreston (Pembroke), healing springs, 95; church tower, 113, 114, 115, 116; dovecot, 115, 188 Gunwalloe (Cornwall), 14 Guy of Warwick, 485 Gwinnell, Mr W. F., on the horse, 418 Gyndes, crossed by Cyrus, 433 Hadad, worship of, 220 Haddon, Prof. A. C., on Irish round towers, 120 Hagbourne Hill (Berks.), 261 Hagioscopes (see Squints) Haliotis (= marine shell), 309 Hallaton (Leicester), 62 Halling (Kent), 40 Hambledon (Hants.), 96 Hambledon (Surrey), 221 n., 378, 381, 496 Hamlet, quoted,