Byways in British Archaeology

[505] C. A. Ward, Antiquary, XIX. p. 237 (authority given).

[506] Bloxam, op. cit. p. 314 n.; Migne, op. cit. p. 475; John, Bishop of Bristol, Eccles. Hist. of Second and Third Centuries, 2nd edition, N.D., pp. 62, 202.

[507] J. D. Mansi, continuation of Sacrorum Conciliorum, nova ... Collectio (by P. Labbe and G. Cossart), 1902, t. XXXIV. p. 198.

[508] I. McBurney and S. Neil, Cyclo. Univ. Hist., 1855, p. 101, give the date of the first Christian churches as A.D. 224. Cf. Dr J. H. Blunt and Sir W. G. F. Phillimore, Book of Church Law, 5th edition, 1888, pp. 309-10, and 309 n. (authorities given); A. Lamson, The Church of the First Three Centuries, ed. H. Ierson, 1875, p. 405 n.

[509] M. E. C. Walcott, Church and Conventual Arrangement, 1861, pp. 61-2.

[510] J. Fergusson, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, 2nd edition, 1859, p. 516 n.; cf. G. Baldwin Brown, The Arts in Early England, II. p. 22.

[511] E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1891, II. pp. 426-7.

[512] Rock, op. cit. I. p. 173.

[513] Mgr X. Barbier de Montault, Traité pratique de la Construction ... des Églises, 1878, t. I. p. 18. Cf. E. H. J. Reusens, Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne, 2nd edition, 1885, t. I. p. 348, t. II. pp. 13-14.

[514] F. T. Elworthy, The Evil Eye, 1895, p. 68.

[515] J. Fergusson, Hist. of Architecture, ed. R. Phené Spiers, 1893, I. pp. 514-5 n. A list is given showing the exact orientation of each church.

[516] Durandus, op. cit. p. 44; Notes and Queries, 7th Ser., VII. pp. 469-70.

[517] Rock, op. cit. I. pp. 172-6.

[518] R. Phené Spiers, in his edition of Fergusson’s Hist. of Architecture, 1893, I. p. 506 n.

[519] Spiers, loc. cit. (authorities given). Concerning the origin of the Christian basilica, see O. M. Dalton, Guide to Early Christian and Byzantine Antiq. (Brit. Mus.), 1903, pp. 32-5.

[520] Spiers, loc. cit.; B. Fletcher and B. F. Fletcher, Hist. of Architecture, 5th edition, 1905, pp. 136, 179-80.

[521] R. Sturgis, Dict. of Archit. and Building, 1902, III. p. 34 (Art. “Orientation”); Reusens, op. cit. t. I. p. 147.

[522] Sir E. Beckett, A Book on Building, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 85.

[523] Fergusson, Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, p. 516 n. The probable Western “orientation” of the crypts of the early minsters of Ripon and Hexham has been thought to be due to Italian influence (F. Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, 1905, p. 155 n.).

[524] W. Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, 1900, Art. “Temple.”

[525] For example, Psalm lxxxviii. 13; cxix. 147; Wisdom of Solomon, xvi. 28; Zech. xiv. 4. See also the remarks in The Evil Eye, pp. 65-6. Walcott, Sacred Archaeol., art. “Orientation,” has much curious lore.

[526] Ezek. viii. 16. The influence of the sun on architecture and mysticism is dealt with by W. R. Lethaby, Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth, 1892, pp. 174-200.

[527] II. Kings xxiii. 5, 11. Cf. Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, art. “Sun.”

[528] Dan. vi. 10.

[529] Jonah ii. 4.

[530] I. Kings viii. 43-5.

[531]Antiquary, XIX. pp. 235-6.

[532] Job xxxi. 26-8.

[533]Prim. Culture, II. p. 296.

[534] Grimm, Teut. Myth. II. p. 704. Cf. Westermarck, Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas II. pp. 120-2.

[535] E. Barclay, Stonehenge, 1895, p. 97. With the instances given, we may compare the symbols used by the Greek and Roman churches in pronouncing the benediction: the Greek symbol, C, formed by curving the thumb and the third finger inwards; the Latin, the extension of the thumb and two fingers to represent the Trinity. Cf. Evil Eye, ch. VII.

[536] Smith, Concise Dict. Bible, art. “Sun.” Cf. Evil Eye, p. 65.

[537] Mal. iv. 2; Luke i. 78; 2 Pet. i. 19; Rev. ii. 28.

[538] See, e.g. Brand, Pop. Antiq. II. p. 318.

[539] J. M. Neale, Hist. of Holy Eastern Church (General Introduction), 1850, I. p. 222.

[540] A. J. Butler, Anc. Coptic Churches of Egypt, 1884, I. p. 10.

[541] E. J. Simcox, Prim. Civilisations, 1897, II. p. 438.

[542] Consult Sir J. Norman Lockyer’s Dawn of Astronomy (1894), especially chs. vii., viii., ix., xxx., xxxviii.; also Stonehenge, pp. 1-5. The views expressed, however, have been much canvassed (e.g. Edinburgh Review, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432); S. Laing, Human Origins, 1892, pp. 136-149; E. J. Simcox, op. cit. II. pp. 438-440; W. M. Flinders Petrie, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 1885, pp. 125-7 (for orientation of Pyramids). In England there is a tendency, in certain districts, for early churches to be ranged in a North-to-South line, and roughly at equal distances (F. J. Bennett, in South-Eastern Naturalist, 1904, pp. 29-36). Again, the churchyard yews of the Surrey villages, Alfold, Dunsfold and Hambledon, stand “almost in a mathematically straight line,” the Dunsfold tree being almost exactly midway (E. Parker, Highways and Byways of Surrey, 1908, p. 165). In all these cases the positions, where not determined by geographical and geological considerations, are, I think, accidental.

[543] Lockyer, Dawn of Astron., ch. xxxviii. For the orientation of Chaldaean ziggurats, or temple-observatories, see Laing, Human Origins, pp. 149-52. For Malabar, see Simcox, op. cit. II. p. 440. The oriented buildings of Mashonaland are probably co-eval with some of the Old Testament practices. See J. T. Bent, Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, 1892, pp. 120-149, 358-361. But Dr R. MacIver, in Mediaeval Rhodesia, 1906, argues for a Mediaeval date.

[544]Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology (Eccles. Soc.), 1847, pp. 39-41.