CHAPTER XI (continued 1)
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Toy, Crawford Howell and Jastrow, Morris
Source notes
291 Deut. xvi; Ex. xii.
292 In some savage tribes the older men seem to have nothing to do but arrange ceremonies.
293 There is a faint survival, perhaps, in the use of incense in churches.
294 A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart, ed. E. H. Meyer, Index; J. H. King, The Supernatural, i, 111 ff.
295Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xii, 129 ff. (Andaman Islands); ibid. xxv, 188 (East Africa); Frobenius, Childhood of Man, chap. iii; Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.
296 A. L. Kroeber, in University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology, ii, viii; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, chap. xliii (on homosexual relations).
297 Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., i, 326; iii, 204 ff.; Hartland, Primitive Paternity, Index, s.v. Puberty; Crawley, The Mystic Rose, p. 55.
298 See below, under "Taboo."
299 Emasculation, of course, does not belong here; it is not a custom of initiation proper.
300 Cf. Crawley, The Mystic Rose, p. 135.
301Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvii, 406 (Omahas). On mutilation as a general religious rite see H. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, i, 189, 290, and as punishment, Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Mutilation.
302 Roscher, Lexikon, articles "Attis," "Kybele." Origen is a noteworthy example in Christian times; cf. Matt. xix, 12.
303 For details of diffusion, methods, etc., see article "Circumcision" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
304 This is an incision of the penis from the meatus down to the scrotal pouch.
305 Herodotus, ii, 37.
306 Crawley, The Mystic Rose, p. 137 f.
307 Ploss, Das Kind, 2d ed., i, 368 f.
308 On phallic cults see below, § 388 ff.
309 Gen. xxiv, 2 f.
310 A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba, p. 66.
311 J. G. Frazer, in the Independent Review, iv, 204 ff.
312 Circumcision of females is the removal of the clitoris and the labia minora; introcision is the enlargement of the vaginal orifice by tearing it downwards; infibulation is the closing of the labia just after circumcision. Cf. Ploss, Das Weib, 2d ed., i, chap. v.
313 Cf. also the great extent to which masturbation prevails among savages. Cf. Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, chap. xliii.
314 A rod is thrust through the glans of the penis; see Roth, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxii, 45 (the palang); cf. Ploss, Das Weib, 2d ed., i, chap. xi; J. Macdonald, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx, 116.
315 Cf. the defloration of young women (by certain officially appointed men) on the occasion of their arriving at the age of puberty; Rivers, The Todas, p. 503; Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 93; Crawley, The Mystic Rose, p. 347.
316 Gen. xvii. Islam has no divine sanction for circumcision; it is not mentioned in the Koran, doubtless because Mohammed took it for granted as a current usage.
317 1 Sam. xvii, 26.
318 Article "Circumcision (Egyptian)" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, and the literature there cited.
319 Deut. x, 16; Jer. ix, 25 f.; Rom. ii, 28 f.
320 Article "Brotherhood (artificial)" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
321 Cf. H. C. Trumbull, The Blood-Covenant, passim; W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, new ed., Index, s.v. Blood Covenant.
322 Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.; cf. Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creeks, p. 185 f.
323 Alice Fletcher, Indian Ceremonies, p. 278.
324 §§ 533, 1095 ff., 1161 ff.
325Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxv, 295 (South Australia); Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 531 f.
326Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii, 296 (Queensland); Howitt, loc. cit.; Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 221, 223, and Native Tribes of Northern Australia, p. 361.
327 H. Webster, Primitive Secret Societies, chap. ii ff.
328 The office of sponsor exists in embryonic form in many savage communities; for boys the sponsor is the father or other near relation, for girls an old woman. The duties of savage sponsors usually continue only during the period of initiation.
329 Westermarck, Human Marriage; H. N. Hutchinson, Marriage Customs in Many Lands; Ch. Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family; Crawley, The Mystic Rose; and the references in G. E. Howard's History of Matrimonial Institutions, i, chaps. i-iv; cf. Hartland, Primitive Paternity.
330 See below, § 429 ff.