Psychology: Briefer Course

Abstract ideas, 240, 25; characters, 353; propositions, 354 Abstraction, 251; see Distraction Accommodation, of crystalline lens, 32; of ear, 49 Acquaintance, 14 Acquisitiveness, 407 Action, what holds attention determines, 448 After-images, 43-5 Agassiz, 132 Alexia, 113 Allen, Grant, 104 Alternating personality, 205 ff. Amidon, 132 Analysis, 56, 248, 251, 362 Anger, 374 Aphasia, 108, 113; loss of images in, 309 Apperception, 326 Aqueduct of Silvius, 80 Arachnoid membrane, 84 Arbor vitæ, 86 Aristotle, 318 Articular sensibility, 74 Association, Chapter XVI; the order of our ideas, 253; determined by cerebral laws, 255; is not of ideas, but of things thought of, 255; the elementary principle of, 256; the ultimate cause of is habit, 256; indeterminateness of its results, 258; total recall, 259; partial recall and the law of interest, 261; frequency, recency, vividness, and emotional congruity tend to determine the object recalled, 264; focalized recall or by similarity, 267, 364; voluntary trains of thought, 271; problems, 273 Atomistic theories of consciousness, 462 Attention, Chapter XIII; its relation to interest, 170; its physiological ground, 217; narrowness of field of

consciousness, 217; to how many things possible, 219; to simultaneous sight and sound, 220; its varieties, 220; voluntary, 224; involuntary, 220; change necessary to, 226; its relation to genius, 227; physiological conditions of, 228; the sense-organ must be adapted, 229; the idea of the object must be aroused, 232; pedagogic remarks, 236; attention and free-will, 237; what holds attention determines action, 448; volitional effort is effort of attention, 450 Auditory centre in brain, 113 Auditory type of imagination, 306 Austen, Miss, 261 Automaton theory, 10, 101 Azam, 210 Bahnsen, 147 Bain, 145, 367, 370 Berklev, 302, 303, 347 Binet, 318, 332 Black, 45-6 Blind Spot, 31 Blix, 64, 68 Blood-supply, cerebral, 130 Bodily expression, cause of emotions, 375 Brace, Julia, 252 Brain, the functions of, Chapter VIII, 91 Brain, its connection with mind, 5-7; its relations to outer forces, 9; relations of consciousness to, 462 Brain, structure of, Chapter VII, 78 ff.; vesicles, 78 ff.; dissection of sheep's, 81; how to preserve, 83; functions of, Chapter VIII, 91 ff. Bridgman, Laura, 252, 308 Broca, 109, 113, 115 Broca's convolution, 109 Brodhun, 46 Brooks, Prof. W. K., 412 Brutes, reasoning

of, 367 Calamus scriptorius, 84 Canals, semicircular, 50 Carpenter, 223, 224 Cattell, 125, 126, 127 Caudate nucleus, 81, 86 Centres, nerve, 92 Cerebellum, its relation to equilibrium, 76; its anatomy, 79, 84 Cerebral laws, of association, 255 Cerebral process, see Neural Process Cerebrum, see Brain, Hemisphere Changing character of consciousness, 152, 466 Charcot, 113, 309 Choice, see Interest Coalescence of different sensations into the same 'thing,' 339 Cochlea, 51, 52 Cognition, see Reasoning Cold, sensations of, 63 ff.; nerves of, 64 Color, 40-3 Commissures, 84 Commissure, middle, 88 ff.; anterior, 88; posterior, 88 Comparison of magnitudes, 342 Compounding of sensations, 23, 43, 57 Compound objects, analysis of, 248 Concatenated acts, dependent on habit, 140 Conceiving, mode of, what is meant by, 354 Conceptions, Chapter XIV; defined, 239; their permanence, 239; different states of mind can mean the same, 239; abstract, universal, and problematic, 240; the thought of 'the same' is not the same thought over again, 243 Conceptual order different from perceptual, 243 Consciousness, stream of, Chapter XI, 151; four characters in, 152; personal, 152; is in constant change, 152,

466; same state of mind never occurs twice, 154; consciousness is continuous, 157; substantive and transitive states of, 160; interested in one part of its object more than another, 170; double consciousness, 206 ff.; narrowness of field of, 217; relations of to brain, 462 Consciousness and Movement, Chapter XXIII; all consciousness is motor, 370 Concomitants, law of varying, 251 Consent, in willing, 452 Continuity of object of consciousness, 157 Contrast, 25, 44-5 Convergence of eyeballs, 31, 33 Convolutions, motor, 106 Corpora fimbriata, 86 Corpora quadrigemma, 79, 86, 89 Corpus albicans, 84 Corpus callosum, 81, 84 Corpus striatum, 81, 86, 108 Cortex, 11, note Cortex, localization in, 104; motor region of, 106 Corti's organ, 52 Cramming, 295 Crura of brain, 79, 84, 108 Curiosity, 407 Currents, in nerves, 10 Czermak, 70 Darwin, 388, 389 Deafness, mental, 113 Delage, 76 Deliberation, 448 Delusions of insane, 207 Dermal senses, 60 ff. Determinism and psychology, 461 Decision, five types, 429 Differences, 24; directly felt, 245; not resolvable into composition, 245; inferred, 248 Diffusion of movements, the law of, 371 Dimension, third, 342, 346 Discharge, nervous, 120 Discord, 58

Discrimination, Chapter XV, 59; touch, 62; defined, 244; conditions which favor, 245; sensation of difference, 246; differences inferred, 248; analysis of compound objects, 249; to be easily singled out a quality should already be separately known, 250; dissociation by varying concomitants, 251; practice improves discrimination, 252; of space, 338 See Difference 'Disparate' retinal points, 35 Dissection, of sheep's brain, 81 Distance, as seen, 39; between members of series, 24; in space, see Third dimension Distraction, 218 ff. Division of space, 338 Donaldson, 64 Double consciousness, 206 ff. Double images, 36 Double personality, 205 Duality of brain, 205 Dumont, 135 Dura mater, 82 Duration, the primitive object in time-perception, 280; our estimation of short, 281 Ear, 47 ff. Effort, feeling of, 434; feels like an original force, 442; volitional effort is effort of attention, 450; ethical importance of the phenomena of effort, 458 Ego, see Self Embryological sketch, Chapter VII, 78 Emotion, Chapter XXIV; compared with instincts, 373; varieties of, innumerable, 374; causes of varieties, 375, 381; results from bodily expression, 375; this view not materialistic, 380; the subtler

emotions, 384; fear, 385; genesis of reactions, 388 Emotional congruity, determines association, 264 Empirical self, see Self Emulation, 406 End-organs, 10; of touch, 60; of temperature, 64; of pressure, 60; of pain, 67 Environment, 3 Essence of reason, always for subjective interest, 358 Essential characters, in reason, 354 Ethical importance of effort, 458 Exaggerated impulsion, causes an explosive will, 439 Exner, 123, 281 Experience, 218, 244 Explosive will, from defective inhibition, 437; from exaggerated impulsion, 439 Expression, bodily, cause of emotions, 375 Extensity, primitive to all sensation, 335 Exteriority of objects, 15 External world, 15 Extirpation of higher nerve-centres, 95 ff. Eye, its anatomy, 28-30 Familiarity, sense of, see Recognition Fear, 385, 406, 407 Fechner, 21, 229 Feeling of effort, 434 Féré, 311 Ferrier, 132 Fissure of Rolando, seat of motor incitations, 106 Fissure of Sylvius, 108 Foramen of Monro, 88 Force, original, effort feels like, 442 Forgetting, 300 Fornix, 81, 86, 87, 89 Fovea centralis, 31 Franklin, 121 Franz, Dr., 308 Freedom of the will, 237 Free-will and attention, 237; relates solely to effort of attention, 455; insoluble on strictly

psychologic grounds, 456; ethical importance of the phenomena of effort, 458 Frequency, determines association, 264 "Fringes" of mental objects, 163 ff. Frogs' lower centres, 95 Functions of the Brain, Chapter VIII, 91; nervous functions, general idea of, 91 Fusion of mental states, 197, 245, 339 Fusion, of sensations, 23, 43, 57 Galton, 126, 265, 303, 306 Genius, 227, 327 Goethe, 146, 157 Goldscheider, 11, 64, 68 Goltz, 100 Guiteau, 185 Gurney, Edmund, 331, 334 Habit, Chapter X, 134 ff.; has a physical basis, 134; due to plasticity, 135; due to pathways through nerve-centres, 136; effects of, 138; practical use of, 138; depends on sensations not attended to, 141; ethical and pedagogical importance of 142 ff.; habit the ultimate cause of association, 256 Hagenauer, 386 Hall, Robert, 223 Hallucinations, 330 ff. Hamilton, 260, 268 Harmony, 58 Hartley, 255 Hearing, 47 ff.; centre of, in cortex, 113 Heat-sensations, 63 ff.; nerves of, 64 Helmholtz, 26, 42, 43, 55, 56, 58, 121, 226, 227, 231, 233, 234, 321 Hemispheres, general notion of, 97; chief seat of memory, 98; effects of deprivation of, on frogs, 92; on pigeons, 96 Herbart, 222, 326 Herbartian School, 157 Hering, 24, 26 Herzen,

123, 124 Hippocampi, 88 Hodgson, 262, 264, 280, 283 Holbrook, 297 Horsley, 107, 118 Hume, 161, 244 Hunger, sensations of, 69 Huxley, 143 Hypnotic conditions, 301 Ideas, the theory of, 154 ff.; never come twice the same, 154; they do not permanently exist, 157; abstract ideas, 240, 251; universal 240; order of ideas by association, 253 'Identical retinal points,' 35 Identity, personal, 201; mutations of, 205 ff.; alternating personality, 205 Ideo-motor action the type of all volition, 432 Illusions, 317 ff., 330 Images, mental, compared with sensations, 14; double, in vision, 36; 'after-images,' 43-5; visual, 302; auditory, 306; motor, 307; tactile, 308 Imagination, Chapter XIX; defined, 302; differs in individuals, 302; Galton's statistics of, 302; visual, 302; auditory, 306; motor, 307; tactile, 308; pathological differences, 308; cerebral process of, 310; not locally distinct from that of sensation, 310 Imitation, 406 Inattention, 218, 236 Increase of stimulus, 20; serial, 24 Infundibulum, 82, 84, 88 Inhibition, defective, causes an Explosive Will, 437 Inhibition of instincts by habits, 399 Insane delusions, 207 Instinct, Chapter XXV; emotions compared with, 373; definition of,

391; every instinct is an impulse, 392; not always blind or invariable, 395; modified by experience, 396; two principles of non-uniformity, 398; man has more than beasts, 398, 406; transitory, 402; of children, 406; fear, 407 Intellect, part played by, in space-perception, 349 Intensity of sensations, 16 Interest, selects certain objects and determines thoughts 170; influence in association, 262 Introspection, 118 Janet, 211, 212, 301 Jackson, Hughlings, 105, 117 Joints, their sensibility, 74 Kadinsky, 330 Knowledge, theory of, 2, 464, 467; two kinds of, 14 König, 46 Krishaber, 208 Labyrinth, 47, 49-52 Lange, K., 329 Laws, cerebral, of association, 255 Law, Weber's, 17; —, Fechner's 21; —, of relativity, 24 Lazarus, 300, 323 Lenticular nucleus, 81 Lewes, 11, 232, 326 Likeness, 243, 364 Lindsay, Dr., 413 Localization of Functions in the hemispheres, 104 ff. Localization, Skin, 61 Locations, in environment, 340; serial order of, 341 Locke, 244, 302, 357 Lockean School, 157 Locomotion, instinct of, 406 Lombard, 131 Longituditional fissure, 84 Lotze, 175 Love, 407 Lower Centres, of frogs and pigeons, 95 ff. Ludwig, 130 Mach, 75 Mamillary bodies, 84 Man's intellectual distinction from

brutes, 367 Mantegazza, 390 Martin, 40, 44, 45, 49, 52, 53, 60, 61, 65, 69 Martineau, 251 Materialism and emotion, 380 Matteuci, 120 Maudsley, 138 Measurement, of sensations, 22; of space, 342 'Mediumships,' 212 Medulla oblongata, 84, 108 Memory, Chapter XVIII; hemispheres physical seat of, 98; defined, 287; analysis of the phenomenon of memory, 287 ff.; return of a mental image is not memory, 289; association explains recall and retention, 289; brain-scheme of, 291; conditions of good memory, 292; multiple associations favor, 294; effects of cramming on, 295; how to improve memory, 298; recognition, 299; forgetting, 300; hypnotics, 301 Mental blindness, 112 Mental images, 14 Mental operations, simultaneous, 219 Mental states, cannot fuse, 197; relation of, to their objects, 464 Merkel, 59, 66 Metaphysics, what the word means, 461 Meyer, G. H., 308, 311 Meynert, 105, 117 Mill, James, 196, 276, 289 Mill, J. S., 147, 157 Mimicry, 406 Mind depends on brain conditions, 3-7; states of, their relation to their objects, 464; see Consciousness Modesty, 407 Monistic theories of consciousness, 462 Morgan, Lloyd, 368 Mosso, 130, 131 Motion, sensations of, Chapter VI, 70 ff.; feeling of

motion over surfaces, 70 Motor aphasia, 108 Motor region of cortex, 106 Motor type of imagination, 307 Movement, consciousness and, II, Chapter I; images of movement, 307; all consciousness is motor, 370 Munk, 110 Münsterberg, 23, 311 Muscular sensation, 65 ff.; relations to space, 66, 74; muscular centre in cortex, 106 Mussey, Dr., 440 Naunyn, 115 Nerve-currents, 9 Nervous discharge, 120 Nerve-endings in the skin, 60; in muscles and tendons, 66-67; Pain, 67 ff.; nerve-centres, 92 Nerves, general functions of, 91 ff. Neural activity, general conditions of, Chapter IX, 120; nervous discharge, 120 Neural functions, general idea of, 91 Neural process, in habit, 134 ff.; in association, 255 ff.; in memory, 291; in imagination, 310; in perception, 329 Nucleus lenticularis, 81, 108; caudatus, 81, 108 Object, the, of sensation, 13-15; of thought, 154, 163; one part of, more interesting than another, 170; object must change to hold attention, 226; objects as signs and as realities, 345; relation of states of mind to their object, 464 Occipitel lobes, seat of visual centre, 110 Old-fogyism vs. genius, 327 Olfactory lobes, 82, 84 Olivary bodies, 85 Optic nerve, 82, 89 Optic tracts, 84

Original force, effort feels like one, 442 Overtones, 55 Pain, 67 ff.; pain and pleasure as springs of action, 444 Pascal, 223 Past time, known in a present feeling, 285; the immediate past is a portion of the present duration-block, 280 Paulhan, 219, 220 Pedagogic remarks on habit, 142; on attention, 236 Peduncles, 84, 85, 86 Perception, Chapter XX; compared with sensation, 312; involves reproductive processes, 312; the perceptive state of mind is not a compound, 313; perception is of definite and probable things, 316; illusory perceptions, 317; physiological process of perception, 329 Perception of Space, Chapter XXI Perez, M., 408 Personal Identity, 201; mutations of, 205 ff.; alternating personality, 205 ff. Personality, alterations of, 205 ff. Philosophy, Psychology and, Epilogue, 461 Phosphorus and thought, 132 Pia mater, 82 Pigeons' lower centres, 96 Pitch, 54 Pituitary body, 82, 89 Place, a series of positions, 341 Plasticity, as basis of habit, defined, 135 Plato, 240 Play, 407 Pleasure, and pain, as springs of action, 444 Psychology and Philosophy, Epilogue, 461 Pons Varolii, 79, 84, 108 Positions, place a series of, 341 Practice, improves discrimination, 252 Present,

the present moment, 280 Pressure sense, 60 Preyer, 406 Probability determines what object shall be perceived, 316, 329 Problematic conceptions, 240 Problems, solution of, 272 Projection of sensations, eccentric, 15 Psychology, defined, 1; a natural science, 2; what data it assumes, 2; Psychology and Philosophy, Chapter XXVII Psycho-physic law, 17, 24, 46, 59, 66, 67 Pugnacity, 406 Purkinje, 75 Pyramids, 85 Quality, 13, 23, 25, 56 Raehlmann, 349 Rationality, 173 Reaction-time, 120 ff. Real magnitude, determined by æsthetic and practical interests, 344 Real space, 337 Reason, 254 Reasoning, Chapter XXIII; what it is, 351; involves use of abstract characters, 353; what is meant by an essential character, 354; the essence is always for a subjective interest, 358; two great points in reasoning, 360; sagacity, 362; help from association by similarity, 364; reasoning power of brutes, 367 Recall, 289 Recency, determines association, 264 'Recepts,' 368 Recognition, 299 Recollection, 289 ff. Redintegration, 264 Reflex acts, defined, 92; reaction-time measures one, 123; concatenated habits are constituted by a chain of, 140 Reid, 313 Relations, between objects, 162; feelings of, 162

'Relativity of knowledge,' 24 Reproduction in memory, 289 ff.; voluntary, 271 Resemblance, 243 Retention in memory, 289 Retentiveness, organic, 291; it is unchangeable, 296 Retina, peripheral parts of, act as sentinels, 73 Revival in memory, 289 ff. Ribot, 300 Richet, 410 Rivalry of selves, 186 Robertson, Prof. Croom, 318 Rolando, fissure of, 106 Romanes, 128, 322, 367 Rosenthal, 11 Rousseau, 148 Rotation, sense of, 75 Sagacity, 362 Sameness, 201, 202 Schaefer, 107, 110, 118 Schiff, 131 Schneider, 72, 372, 392 Science, natural, 1 Scott, Prof., 311 Sea-sickness, accidental origin, 390 Seat of consciousness, 5 Selection, 10; a cardinal function of consciousness, 170 Self, The, Chapter XII; not primary, 176; the empirical self, 176; its constituents, 177; the material self, 177; the social self, 179; the spiritual self, 181; self-appreciation, 182; self-seeking, bodily, social, and spiritual, 184; rivalry of the mes. 186; their hierarchy, 190; teleology of self-interest, 193; the I, or 'pure ego,' 195; thoughts are not compounded of 'fused' sensations, 196; the soul as a combining medium, 200; the sense of personal identity, 201; explained by identity of function in successive

passing thoughts, 203; mutations of the self, 205; insane delusions, 207; alternating personalities, 210; medium-ships, 212; who is the thinker? 215 Self-appreciation, 182 Self-interest, theological uses of, 193; teleological character of, 193 Selves, their rivalry, 186 Semicircular canals, 50 Semicircular canals, their relation to sensations of rotation, 75 Sensations, in General, Chapter II, p. 9; distinguished from perceptions, 12; from images, 14; first things in consciousness, 12; make us acquainted with qualities, 14; their exteriority, 15; intensity of sensations, 16; their measurement, 21; they are not compounds, 23 Sensations, of touch, 60; of skin, 60 ff.; of smell, 69; of pain, 67; of heat, 63; of cold, 63; of hunger, 69; of thirst, 69; of motion, 70; muscular, 65; of taste, 69; of pressure, 60; of joints, 74; of movement through space, 75; of rotation, 75; of translation, 76 Sense of time, see Time Sensory centres in the cortex, 113 ff. Septum lucidum, 87 Serial order of locations, 341 Shame, 374 Sheep's brain, dissection of, 81 Sight, 28 ff.; see Vision Signs, 40; sensations are, to us of other sensations, whose space-value is held to be more real, 345 ff. Similarity,

association by, 267, 364; see Likeness Size, 40 Skin—senses, 60 ff.; localizing power of, 61; discrimination of points on, 247 Smell, 69; centre of, in cortex, 116 Smith, T. C., 311 Sociability, 407 Soul, the, as ego or thinker, 196; as a combining medium, 200, 203 Sound, 53-59; images of, 306 Space, Perception of, Chapter XXI; extensity in three dimensions primitive to all sensation, 335; construction of real space, 337; the processes which it involves:

(3) Location in an environment, 342; objects which are signs, and objects which are realities, 345; the third dimension, 346; Berkeley's theory of distance, 346; part played by intellect in space-perception, 349 Space, relation of muscular sense to, 66, 74 Spalding, 401 ff. Span of consciousness, 219, 286 Specific energies, 11 Speech, centres of, in cortex, 109; thought possible without it, 169; see Aphasia Spencer, 103, 387, 390 Spinal cord, conduction of pain by, 68; centre of defensive movements, 93 Spiritual substance, see Soul Spiritualistic theories of consciousness, 462 Spontaneous trains of thought, 257; examples, 257 ff., 271 Starr, 107, 113, 115 Steinthal, 327 Stream of Consciousness, Chapter XI, 151 Stricker, 307 Subdivision of space, 338 Substantive states of mind, 160 Succession vs. duration, 280; not known by successive feelings, 285 Summation of stimuli, 128 Surfaces, feeling of motion over, 70 Tactile centre in cortex, 116 Tactile images, 308 Taine, 208 Taste, 69; centre of, in cortex, 116 Teleological character of consciousness, 4; of self-interest, 193 Temperature-sense, 63 ff. Terminal organs, 10, 30, 52 Thalami, 80, 86, 89, 108 Thermometry, cerebral, 131

'Thing,' coalescence of sensations to form the same, 339 Thinking principle, see Soul Third dimension of space, 346 Thirst, sensations of, 69 Thomson, Dr. Allen, 129 Thought, the 'Topic' of, 167; stream of, 151; can be carried on in any terms, 167; unity of, 196; spontaneous trains of, 257; the entire thought the minimum, 464 'Timbre,' 55 Time, sense of, Chapter XVII; begins with duration, 280; no sense of empty time, 281; compared with perception of space, 282; discrete flow of time, 282; long intervals conceived symbolically, 283; we measure duration by events that succeed in it, 283; variations in our estimations of its length, 283; cerebral processes of, 286 Touch, 60 ff.; centre of, in cortex, 116; images of, 308 Transcendental self or ego, 196 Transitive states of mind, 160 Translation, sense of, 76 Trapezium, 85 Turner, Dr. J. E., 440 Tympanum, 48 Types of decision, 429 Unity of the passing thought, 196 Universal conceptions, 240 Urbantschitch, 25 Valve of Vieussens, 80, 86 Variability of the emotions, 381 Varying concomitants, law of disassociation by, 251 Ventricles, 79 ff. Vierordt, 71 Vision, 28 ff.; binocular, 33-9; of solidity, 37 Visual centre of cortex, 110, 115

Visual imagination, 302 Visualizing power, 302 Vividness, determines association, 264 Volition, see Will Volkmann, 285 Voluminousness, primitive, of sensations, 335 Voluntary acts, defined, 92; voluntary attention, 224; voluntary trains of thought, 271 Weber's law, 17, 24, 46, 59 Weber's law—weight, 66; pain, 67 Weight, sensibility to, 66 ff. Wernicke, 109, 113, 115 Wesley, 223 Wheatstone, 347 Wigan, 300 Will, Chapter XXVI; voluntary acts, 415; they are secondary performances, 415; no third kind of idea is called for, 418; the motor-cue, 420; ideo-motor action, 432; action after deliberation, 428; five types of decision, 429; feeling of effort, 434; healthiness of will, 435; defects of, 436; the explosive will: (1) from defective inhibition, 437; (2) from exaggerated impulsion, 439; the obstructed will, 441; effort feels like an original force, 442; pleasure and pain as springs of action, 444; what holds attention determines action, 448; will is a relation between the mind and its ideas, 449; volitional effort is effort of attention, 450; free-will, 455; ethical importance of effort, 458 Willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea, 449 Wundt, 11, 18, 25, 58, 122, 123, 125,