A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume...

78 McCrie, p. 230; Audin, ch. xxxv; Benrath, Bernardino Ochino, p. 297. ↑

79 Cp. Pusey, Histor. Enquiry into Ger. Rationalism, 1828, p. 14 sq.; Beard, p. 183. ↑

80 Stähelin, ii. 337. Biandrata went to Hungary, where, as we saw (p. 421), he turned persecutor, and then Protestant. ↑

81 Mosheim, 16 Cent. sec. iii, pt. ii, ch. iv, § 6; Audin, pp. 394–99; Aretius, Short Hist. of Valentinus Gentilis, Eng. tr. 1696; Stähelin, ii, 338–45; Wallace, Antitrinitarian Biography, ii, Art. 20. ↑

82 See the Historical Account of his life and trial in the Harleian Miscellany, iv, 168 sq. ↑

83 See Stähelin, ii, 293, 304, etc. ↑

84 Cp. Menzel, Geschichte der Deutschen, 3te Aufl. Cap. 417; A. F. Pollard, in Cam. Mod. Hist., vol. ii, ch. vii, p. 223; The Dynamics of Religion, pp. 6–8. ↑

85 See Beard, Hibbert Lectures, pp. 189–90, 196. The same avowal was made in the eighteenth century by Mosheim (16 Cent. sec. iii, pt. ii, § 5). ↑

86 F. A. Cox, Life of Melanchthon, 1815, p. 544, citing Adam, Vitæ philosophorum (p. 934). Cp. pp. 528–29. ↑

87 K. von Raumer, as cited, pp. 32–37. ↑

88Id. pp. 42–52; Pusey, as cited, p. 112. ↑

89 Dändliker, Geschichte der Schweiz, ii, 556–59, 622 sq., 728–29. ↑

90 See the extracts in Beard’s Hibbert Lectures, pp. 340–41. ↑

91 Menzel, Geschichte der Deutschen, Cap. 417. ↑

92 Cp. Hamilton, Discussions in Philosophy and Literature, 1852, pp. 493–94, note. ↑

93 Mosheim, Reid’s ed. pp. 625–26. Such solutions were common in papal polity. Id. p. 767. ↑

94 Bishop Schuster, Johann Kepler und die grossen kirchlichen Streitfragen seiner Zeit, 1888, p. 178 sq. It is noteworthy that Kepler’s mother was sentenced for witchcraft, and saved by the influence of her son. Johann Keppler’s Leben und Werken nach neuerlich aufgefundenen MSS., von G. L. C. Freiherrn von Breitschwert, 1831, p. 97 sq. ↑

95 “There is much reason to believe that the fetters upon scientific thought were closer under the strict interpretation of Scripture by the early Protestants than they had been under the older church” (White, Warfare of Science with Theology, i, 212). Concerning the Protestant hostility to the Copernican system and to Kepler, see Schuster, as cited, pp. 87 sq., 191 sq. ↑

96 White, as cited, i, 129. ↑

97Id. i, 213. ↑

98Id. p. 147. ↑

99 Menzel, Cap. 431; Dändliker, Geschichte der Schweiz, 1884, ii, 743. The cantons of Glarus, Outer Appenzell, St. Gall, and the Grisons formally rejected the Gregorian Calendar. Id. ib. Zschokke (Des Schweizerlands Geschichte, 9te Ausg. 1853, p. 179) implies that the Protestants in general ignored it. Ranke (Hist. of the Popes, Bohn tr. 1908, i, 337) mentions that “all Catholic nations took part in this reform.” ↑

100 Blunt, Ref. of the Church of England, ed. 1892, ii, 76. Of the twenty-six cathedrals in the reign of Henry VIII, thirteen had been monastic churches, and these were “razed to the smallest possible dimensions as to number and endowments.” Id. p. 77. ↑

101 Strype’s Memorials of Cranmer, ed. 1848, ii, 89. ↑

102 Blunt, i, 160–61. ↑

103Original Letters relative to the English Reformation, Parker Society, 1816, i, 66. ↑

104 Bishop Burnet (Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles, Art. 18) has given currency to the pretence that the words “saved by the law” are meant to exclude the sense “saved in the law,” the latter salvation being allowed as possible. That there was no such thought on the part of the framers of the Article is shown by the Latin version, where the expression is precisely “in lege.” Burnet prints the Latin, yet utterly ignores its significance. ↑

105 Book II of the Utopia was written at Antwerp, during his six months’ stay there on an embassy. ↑

106 Bk. ii, sec. “Of the Religions” (Arber’s ed. pp. 143–47; Morley’s ed. pp. 151–53). ↑

107 Green, Short History, ch. vi, § 4; 1881 ed. p. 311. Compare Green’s whole estimate. Michelet’s hostile criticism (x, 356) is surprisingly inept. For the elements of naturalism in the Utopia see bk. ii, sections “Of their Journeying” and “Of the Religions.” ↑

108 Cp. T. C. Grattan, The Netherlands, 1830, pp. 231–43. ↑

109 Who, as it happened, avowed that “religion was almost extinct” in Europe at the time of the rise of the Lutheran and Calvinistic heresies. Concio xxviii. Opera, vi, 296, ed. 1617, cited by Blunt, Ref. of Church of England, ed. 1892, i, 4, note. ↑

110 Cp. The Works of Arminius, ed. by James Nichols, 1825, i, 580, note. ↑

111Id. p. 581 note. ↑

112 Cp. Schuster, as cited, pp. 191 sq., 202 sq. ↑

113 Nichols’s Arminius, i, p. 233. ↑

114 Hallam, Lit. of Europe, ii, 406–416; Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, 2nd ed. pp. 447–48. As to Casaubon’s own intolerance, however, see p. 446. ↑

115 Hallam, ii, 411, 416. ↑

116 Beard, Hibbert Lectures, p. 298. ↑