The Logic of Hegel

P. 369, § 231. An example of Wolfs pedantry is given in Hegel, Werke, v. 307, from Wolfs Rudiments of Architecture, Theorem viii. 'A window must be broad enough for two persons to recline comfortably in it, side by side. Proof. It is customary to recline with another person on the window to look about. But as the architect ought to satisfy the main views of the owner (§ I) he must make the window broad enough for two persons to recline comfortably side by side.'

'Construction': cf. Werke, ii. 38. 'Instead of its own internal life and spontaneous movement, such a simple mode (as subject, object, cause, substance, &c.) has expression given to it by perception (here = sense-consciousness) on some superficial analogy: and this external and empty application of the formula is called "Construction." The procedure shares the qualities of all such formalism. How stupid-headed must be the man, who could not in a quarter of an hour master the theory of asthenic, sthenic and indirectly asthenic diseases' (this is pointed at Schelling's Werke, iii. 236) 'and the three corresponding curative methods, and who, when, no long time since, such instruction was sufficient, could not in this short period be transformed from a mere practitioner into a "scientific" physician? The formalism of Naturphilosophie may teach e.g. that understanding is electricity, or that the animal is nitrogen, or even that it is like the South or the North, or that it represents it,—as baldly as is here expressed or with greater elaboration in terminology. At such teachings the inexperienced may fall into a rapture of admiration, may reverence the profound genius it implies,—may take delight in the sprightliness of language which instead of the abstract concept gives the more pleasing perceptual image, and may congratulate itself on feeling its soul akin to such splendid achievement. The trick of such a wisdom is as soon learnt as it is easy to practice; its repetition, when it grows familiar, becomes as intolerable as the repetition of juggling once detected.

Kant (Werke, iii. 36) in the 'Prolegomena to every future Metaphysic,' § 7, says: 'We find, however, it is the peculiarity of mathematical science that it must first exhibit its concept in a percept, and do so à priori,—hence in a pure percept. This observation with regard to the nature of mathematics gives a hint as to the first and supreme condition of its possibility: it must be based on some pure percept in which it can exhibit all its concepts in concreto and yet à priori, or, as it is called, construe them.'

The phrase, and the emphasis on the doctrine, that perception must be taken as an auxiliary in mathematics,' belong specially to the second edition of the Kritik, e.g. Pref. xii. To learn the properties of the isosceles triangle the mathematical student must 'produce (by 'construction') what he himself thought into it and exhibited à priori according to concepts.'

'Construction, in general,' says Schelling (Werke, v. 252: cf. iv. 407) 'is the exhibition of the universal and particular in unity':—'absolute unity of the ideal and the real.' v. 225. Darstellung in intellektueller Anschauung ist philosophische Konstruktion.

P. 377, §239. 'Supposes a correlative' = ist für Eines. On Seyn: für Eines, cf. Werke, iii. 168. Das Ideëlle ist notwendig für:Eines, aber es ist nicht für ein Anderes: das Eine für welches es ist, ist nur es selbst. ... God is therefore for-self (to himself) in so far as he himself is that which is for him.

P. 379, § 244. The percipient idea (anschauende Idee), of course both object and subject of intuition, is opposed to the Idea (as logical) in the element of Thought: but still as Idea and not—to use Kant's phrase (Kritik der r. Vern. § 26)—as natura materialiter spectata.

INDEX A. Absolute (the), 19, 50, 410; relation to God, 156; absolute idea, 374 (cf. 431); definitions of, 156, 161, 185, 206, 213, 288, 314, 352. Abstract (and concrete), 295, 301. Abstraction, 293. Accidents (of substance), 273 seqq. Activity (bringing condition to fact), 267. Actuality, 257 seqq.; its relations to reason, 10, 258, 383. Affinity (in chemism), 341. Agnosticism, 250. All (quasi-universal), 308. Alteration, 172. Analogy, 324 seqq. Analysis, 79; its dangers, 80, 398; analytical method, 365. Animals and men, 4, 47. Anselm, 140, 331 seqq.(cf. 427). Anthropomorphism, 122. Antinomies (of reason), 97, 99, 189. Apodictic judgment, 313. Appearance, 93, 239 seqq. Apperception (pure), 88, 400. Appetite, 345. A priori (the), 83. Aristotle, his idealism, 15, 75, 259, 364; as a logician, 39 seqq., 318, 322; on the dignity of philosophy, 45; compared with Plato, 259; on the Idea, 374; on life, 345, 359. Arithmetic (logic of), 163. Art, 146. Assertory judgments, 312. Atheism, what it implies, 135; charged against Spinoza, 105, 275. Atomic philosophy, 182. Atoms, 193. Attraction (as constructive principle), 181. Attribution (of predicates), 63, 298. Auflieben, explained, 180. Axioms

(mathematical), 323. B. Becoming, 163. Beginning, what it implies, 166. Being (doctrine of), 156 seqq.; being and nothing, 161; contrasted with thought, 102, 107 seqq.; determinate being, 167 seqq.; being in or by self, 171; being-for-self, 176 seqq. Body (and soul), 360. Boëthius, 402. Buddhist metaphysics, 161, 163, 411. C. Caput Mortuum, 400. Cartesianism, 127. Categorical judgment, 310; syllogism, 327. Categories (the), 50, 57, 399; their finitude, 58, 121; criticism of, 91. Cause and effect, 276; efficient and final, 228, 344. Chance, 263 seqq. Chaos, 237. Chemism, 341 seqq.; chemical principles, 235, 419. Christianity, a religion of reason, 74; its faith, 125; religion of consolation, 270; of personality, 393; its philosophical precept, 251. Cognition, as analysed by Kant, 86 seqq.; its nature and methods, 362. Coleridge, 401, 410. Common sense, 126. Comparison, 216. Conceivable (the), 260. Concept: see Notion. Conception (= Representation), 37; preliminary to thought, 1. Condition, 266. Conditioned (the), 121. Conscience (rights of), 44, 388. Consciousness (appeal to), 134. Consensus gentium, 134, 408. Consolation (Christian), 269. Construction (method of), 368 (cf. 430).

Content (and form), 242 seqq. Contingency, 263. Continuous quantity, 188. Contradiction (principle of), 221 seqq; 356, 418. Contrariety, 223. Conviction (right of): see Conscience. Copula (of a judgment), 298 seqq. Correctness (and truth), 304 seqq., 352. Correlation, 245. Cosmology, 70; cosmological proof, 102. Critical philosophy, its thesis, 17, 43; examined at length, 82 seqq. D. Deduction of categories, 87, 399 seqq. Definiteness, its value, 170. Definition, 366; criterion of, 186. Degree, 192. Deism, 72, 135, 136, 310. Demonstration, 368 seqq. Descartes, 127 seqq., 333; compared with Jacobi, 139. Design (argument from), 347 (cf. 424). Destiny, 269. Determinate being, 169. Development, 288 seqq.; in relation to innate ideas, 130. Dialectic, innate in thought, 18; its operation explained, 147 seqq.; in Plato and Kant, 149 (cf. 409); in Aristotle, 409; distinguished from Scepticism, 151; and from Reflection, 147. Difference, 215. Discrete quantity, 189. Disjunctive judgment, 311; syllogism, 337. Diversity, 216. Division (logical), 367 (cf. 429). Dogmatic philosophy, 60, 66. Dualism in theology, 72; in philosophy, 113. E. Eden (Garden of), 54 seqq. Education, its office, 100;

mistake in, 338. Effect (and Cause), 276 seqq. Ego (the absolute), 393. Eleatic philosophy, 159 seqq., 198. 'Elements' of logic, 329. Emboîtement,289, 425. Empiricism, 14, 76 seqq.; its relative value, 77. Encyclopaedia of science, 35; of philosophy, 38. End (= final cause), 113,343 seqq. Essence (opposed to Being), 202 seqq. Eudaemonism (before Kant), 111, 403. Evil (Good and), 71; origin of, 54. Evolution, old technical sense, 424. Existence, 229 seqq. Experience, principle of, 12, 21, 384; elements in, 81. Explanation (limits of), 255. F. Faculties (in psychology), 238. Faith, as philosophic principle, 124 seqq. Fall of man, interpreted, 54. Fate, 269. Feeling, as cognitive form, 136, 408. Fichte, deduction of categories, 87, 387, 399; the Anstoss, 119, 405; Sonnenklarer Bericht,241; characteristics of, 176, 372; on the Object, 334; the Ego, 393. Figures of syllogism, 321. Final cause, 343 seqq., 419. Finite (and infinite), 100, 173. Force, 246 seqq. Form (and content), 6, 242 seqq.; form of thought, 48; form and matter, 236. Fortuitous (the), 264. Freedom, 44, 50, 282; as character of all thought, 19, 118; as Nihilism, 162; of will, 264. G. Generality, 309. Genius (defined by

Kant), 113. Geometrical method, 369. Glaube, 401, 407. God, logical definition of, 156, 161, 206; how knowable, 65, 74, 125; proofs of his being examined, 6, 20, 72, 74, 103 seqq., 115, 346; as activity, 69, 396; as spirit, 107, 137; as creator, 237, 294; as force, 247, 250; as trinity, 187, 262, 311; as absolute cunning, 350; not jealous, 254; his goodness, 145, 240; his power, 150, 210; his names, 64, 395. Goethe, 53, 80 (cf. 398), 145 (cf. 409), 253 (cf. 421), 256 (cf. 422), 400, 423. Good (the), 71, 114. Greek philosophers, 35; gods, 293. Grenze and Schranke,412. Ground (and consequent), 224 seqq. H. Haller (A. v.), quoted, 196, 252, 416. Have (and be), 233, 298. Heraclitus (and the Eleatics), 168, 412. Herder, 247 (cf. 420). History, pragmatic, 256 (cf.422); psychological, ib.; history of philosophy, 159. Hume (on ideas of necessity), 82, 96, 110. Hypothetical judgment, 311; syllogism, 327. I. I (Ego), its universality, 38, 48; source of the categories, 88; as self-reference, 179; I = I, 158, 410. Idea (the), 92, 352 seqq.; aesthetic ideas, 113; innate ideas, 130; clear and distinct, 296, 426. Ideal, 11; of reason, 102. Idealism, subjective, 90, 94; absolute, 67, 286.

Ideality (of the finite), 178, 413. Identity, philosophy of, 194, 219; its meaning, 211; law of, 213. Imagination (in Spinoza), 196, 415; in Kant, 399. Immediacy (and mediation), 20; immediate knowledge, 53, 129 seqq. Indifference (absolute), 158, 161. Individuality, 291 seqq. Induction, 324, 427. Infinite (and finite), 62; wrong infinite, 174; infinite progress, 175, 194, 415. Innate ideas, 130. Intuition (and thought), 121, 386, 408. Inward (and outward), 252 seqq. J. Jacobi (F. H.), 401, 406 seqq.; against demonstration, 105; agnostic, 121 seqq.; on cause, 277 (cf. 423). Judaism, 210, 275. Judgment, defined, 297; classification of, 303 seqq. (cf. 420); Kant's criticism of the faculty, 112. K. Kant: his standpoint, 17, 83; his doctrine of categories, 83 seqq.; examination of his system, 81 seqq.; theory of matter, 183; on 'construction' in mathematics, 369 (cf. 430); on teleology, 343 on modality, 260; his ethics, 110, 372; defects of his system, 119. 372-387, 399. Kästner (A. G.), 184, 414. Kind (genus), 361. Knowledge, 94; immediate, 123. L. Lalande, 123, 407. Law (of thought), 213 seqq. (cf.417), 290; of a phenomenon, 242. Leibniz: maxim of indiscernibles, 217 (cf. 417); of

sufficient reason, 227 (cf. 418); on final cause, 228 (cf. 419); his monadology, 275, 334 (cf. 428). Life (as a logical category), 358 seqq.; example of becoming, 168. Like (and unlike), 218. Limit (barrier), 172. Locke (as empiricist), 365. Logic, defined, 30; its utility, 31, 34, 40; in Aristotle, 39; applied, 50; subdivided, 155; formal, 214, 226, 288, 316. M. Magnitude, 185; intensive, 192, 415. Man (as an universal), 293. Many (and one), 181. Marks (in concept), 296. Materialism (as logical result of empiricism), 81, 118; of a mathematical system, 187. Mathematics: place in science, 187 seqq.; mathematical syllogism, 323. Matter (and form), 123, 235. Mean (= middle term), 318 seqq. Means (and end) 347 seqq. Measure (logical category), 199 seqq.; its antinomy, 202. Mechanism, 336 seqq.; in ethics and politics, 340. Mediation (and immediacy), 133 seqq. Memory (mechanical), 338. Metaphysics, as logic, 45; pre-Kantian, 61; pseudo-metaphysics in science, 184; categories, 212. Methods: different, 53; metaphysical, 61, 75; analytic, 365; synthetic, 366; speculative, 375; methodology, 328. Middle (law of excluded), 220; middle term, 318 seqq. Mind (and nature), 70 seqq., 180, 188,

414. Modality, 260. Mohammedanism, 210, 275. Monads, 334, 428. Moods (of syllogism), 334. Mysticism, 154,410; mystic numbers, 198. N. Nature (philosophy of), 50, 326, 394; and spirit, 180, 188, 263 seqq., 377, 414, 431; nature and the logical idea, 379. Natural (or physico-) theology, 162 seqq., 402. Naturalism, 118. Necessity (and freedom), 71, 100, 282; and universality, 12, 15, 82; its nature analysed, 267 seqq. Necessitarian, 110. Negation, 171, 219. Nemesis (measure as), 201. Neutralisation, 342. Newton, 13, 183, 250, 414, 421. Nicolaus Cusanus, 410. Nodal lines, 204. Nothing (and being), 161. Notion: contrasted with being, 102, 331; theory of, 286 seqq.; classifications of, 296; opposed to representative concept, 3, 16, 165. Novalis, quoted, 393. Number, 190 seqq. O. Object (and subject), 329 seqq.; objective (and subjective), 83 seqq.; objective thought, 45, 57, 145. Oken, quoted, 392, 401, 418. One (and many), 179 seqq. Ontology, 67; ontological proof in theology, 107, 331. Opposition (logical), 221. Organism, 246, 281, 360 seqq. Oriental theosophy, 64. Ought (the), 11, 115, 372. Outward (and inward), 253. P. Pantheism, 72; in Spinoza, 105, 275; its principle, 167.

Paralogism (in rational psychology), 95, 97. Parmenides, 160, 411. Particular, 291 seqq. Parts (and whole), 245; distinct from organs, 246. Personality, 124, 274. Phenomenalism (Kant's), 93, 240. Phenomenology of Spirit: place in Hegel's system, 58. Philosophy: general definition, 4; its scope and aim, 28, 38, 44, 73, 127, 164, 262, 354, 376, 391; history of, 22, 159, 385, 411; in England, 12; rise of, 18; its branches, 28, 322; method of, 375; philosophy and life, 384, 393. Physicists, 193. Plato: reminiscence of ideas, 130, 289; his dialectic, 149; on the Other, 173; Philebus, 177; compared with Aristotle, 259. Pneumatology, 68 seqq. Polarity, 221 (cf. 418). Porosity, 238. Positive (and negative), 219 seqq.; positive element in Science, 26. Possibility, 259. Practical Reason, 110, 403. Predication, 300 seqq. Preformation, 289, 425. Problematical judgment, 313. Proclus, 386. Progress: its meaning, 169. Properties (of a thing), 233. Proposition, 65, 300, 395. Protagoras, 149 (cf. 409). Proverbs quoted, 150. Providence, 268. Psychology, 68 seqq., 95 seqq., 338, (cf. 428). Punctum Sailens,426. Pure thought, 30, 49. Pythagoras, 197, 416. Q. Qualitative judgment, 304; syllogism, 317.

Quality, 158 seqq., 170. Quantity, 185. Quantum, 190. R. Raisonnement,229. Ratio (quantitative), 199. Reality: opposed to negation, 171; to ideality, 180. Reason: faculty of the unconditioned, 92, 400 seqq.; as merely critical, 109; practical, 110; negative, 152 seqq.; as syllogism, 314. Reciprocity, 279. Reflection, 5, 8, 41, 53, 208, 275; distinct from dialectic, 147; judgments of, 307. Reinhold: his method, 17, 385. Religion (and philosophy), 3, 43, 64; its nature, 132 seqq. Reminiscence (Platonic), 130, 289. Repulsion, 181. Roman religion, 335. Rousseau, 293. Rule, 202. S. Scepticism: ancient, 53; opposed to dogmatism, 66; modern, 82; its function in philosophy, 141, 151. Schelling, 46 (cf. 392, 393), 367 (cf. 429). Schiller, 112 (cf. 405). Scholasticism, 40, 66, 75, 80; definition of God, 69. Schopenhauer, 401, 408, 424. Sciences and philosophy, 19, 22; science and religion, 350. Scotch philosophers, 131. Scotus Erigena, 387. Self-determination, in. Self-identity, 212. Sensation, 36 seqq. Sensas eminentior, 73, 397. Sex, 361. Sin (original), 55. Slavery (abolition of), 293. Socrates, his dialectic, 149, 228. Solon, 43. Somewhat, 171. Sophists: theory of education, 131;

essence of sophistry, 148, 228; opposed to Socrates, 149, 419. Sorites,203, 417. Soul: as object of psychology, 69, 77; (rationalist theory of,) criticised by Kant, 96; soul and Spirit, 69. Speculation, 16; as opposed to dogmatism, 67; speculative reason, 152 seqq. Spinoza, his alleged atheism and pantheism, 105 seqq., 275; causa sui,139, 277; his God, 159, 402; on determination, 171; amor intellectualis,283 (cf. 424); on imagination, 196 (cf. 415); his method, 367 seqq.(cf. 429). Spirit, see Mind. State (mechanical theories of the), 182, 340. Subject (and predicate), 301, 395, 428. Subjective (and objective), 85, 270. Substance, 273 seqq. Sufficient Reason (principle of), 224 seqq. (cf. 418). Syllogism, 314 seqq.; as a universal form of things, 314; in mechanism, 340; in teleology, 348. Synthetic method, 366. System (in philosophy), 23 seqq., 159. T Taste, defined by Kant, 113. Teleology, 343 seqq. Terms (of syllogism), 317. Theology (natural), 71 seqq., 101 seqq., 397. Theorem, 368. Theoretical Reason (Kant on), 86 seqq. Thing, 69, 233; thing in or by itself, 91, 231. Thought, its meaning and activity, 35 seqq.; subjective, 36; objective, 45, 47; distinguished from pictorial

representation, 3, 37. Transcendent, 89; transcendental, 87, 400. Truth, object of philosophy, 3; and of logic, 32; its meaning, 51, 387; distinguished from correctness, 305, 352, 354. U. Unconditioned (the), 92, 410. Understanding, as faculty of the conditioned, 58, 92; as a principle of limitation, 143 seqq., 400. Unessential, 211. Universal (the), 35, 42, 143; moment of the notion, 291 seqq.; universality and necessity, 12, 15, 82. Untrue, 245. Urtheil, 297. Utilitarianism in Science, 346. V. Variety, 215. Verstand and Vernunft, 400 seqq. Volition, 364, 371 seqq. W. Wesen, 209. Whole (and parts), 245. Will 371; as practical reason, 110; its freedom, 264. Wolff (Christian), his philosophy, 60 seqq., 395, 396; method, 369. World (the), as object of Cosmology, 97. Z. Zeno (of Elea), 169, 195, 415.