A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume...

69 Cp. Tullo Massarani, Studii di letteratura e d’arte, 1809, p. 96. ↑

70Discorsi, i, 15. ↑

71Id. i, 11, end. ↑

72 Villari, ii, 93–94. ↑

73 Burckhardt, p. 464; Owen, p. 180, and refs. ↑

74 Owen, p. 181. See the whole account of Guicciardini’s rather confused opinions. ↑

75 Though Italy had most of what scientific knowledge existed. Burckhardt, p. 292. ↑

76 “A man might at the same time be condemned as a heretic in Spain for affirming, and in Italy for denying, the reality of the witches’ nightly rides” (The Pope and the Council, p. 258). ↑

77The Pope and the Council, pp. 249–61. It was another Spina who wrote on the other side. ↑

78 F. Fiorentino, Pietro Pomponazzi, 1868, p. 30. ↑

79 Owen, pp. 197–98; Renan, Averroès, pp. 353–62; Christie, as cited, p. 133. ↑

80 Cp. Owen, pp. 201, 218; Lange, i, 183–87 (tr. i, 220–25). He, however, granted that the mass of mankind, “brutish and materialized,” needed the belief in heaven and hell to moralize them (Christie, pp. 140–41). ↑

81 This principle, though deriving from Averroïsm, and condemned, as we have seen, by Pope John XXI, had been affirmed by so high an orthodox authority as Albertus Magnus. Cp. Owen, pp. 211–12, note. While thus officially recognized, it was of course denounced by the devout when they saw how it availed to save heretics from harm. Mr. Owen has well pointed out (p. 238) the inconsistency of the believers who maintain that faith is independent of reason, and yet denounce as blasphemous the profession to believe by faith what is not intelligible by philosophy. ↑

82 Owen, pp. 209, note. “Son école est une école de laïques. de médecins, d’esprits forts, de libres penseurs” (Bouillier, Hist. de la philos. cartèsienne, 1854, i, 3). ↑

83 Owen. p. 210; Christie, p. 151. ↑

84 Christie, pp. 141–47. ↑

85Id. p. 149. ↑

86 Burckhardt, p. 291. ↑

87 Gebhart, pp. 59–63; Burckhardt, p. 211. ↑

88 Cp. Burckhardt, p. 291. ↑

89 Burckhardt, pp. 279–80; Villari, Life of Machiavelli, pp. 106–107. ↑

90 Burckhardt, pt. iii, ch. xi. ↑

91 Dr. Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1895, i, 265. Cp. Renan, Averroès, Avert. ↑

92 Schechter, Studies in Judaism, pp. 213, 420–21. ↑

93 Notice of Bonaventure Desperiers, by Bibliophile Jacob [i.e. Lacroix], in 1841 ed. of Cymbalum Mundi, etc. ↑

94 For a solution of the enigma of the title see the Clef of Eloi Johanneau in ed. cited, p. 83. Cymbalum mundi was a nickname given in antiquity to (among others) an Alexandrian grammarian called Didymus—the name of doubting Thomas in the gospel. The book is dedicated by Thomas Du Clevier à son ami Pierre Tyrocan, which is found to be, with one letter altered (perhaps by a printer’s error), an anagram for Thomas Incrédule à son ami Pierre Croyant, “Unbelieving Thomas to his friend Believing Peter.” Clef cited, pp. 80–85. ↑

95 Origen, Against Celsus, vi, 78. ↑

96 The readiness of piety in all ages to invent frightful deaths for unbelievers must be remembered in connection with this and other records. Cp. Notice cited, p. xx, and note. The authority for this is Henri Estienne, Apologie pour Hérodote, liv. i, chs. 18, end, and 26. ↑

97 So Charles Nodier, cited in the Notice by Bibliophile Jacob, pp. xxiii–xxiv. The English translator of 1723 professed to see no unbelief in the book. ↑

98 Perrens, Les Libertins en France au XVIIe siècle, 1896, p. 41. ↑

99Notice historique in Bibliophile Jacob’s ed. of Rabelais, 1841; Stapfer, Rabelais, pp. 6, 10; W. F. Smith, biog. not. to his trans. of Rabelais, 1893, i, p. xxii. ↑

100 Rathery, notice biog. to ed. of Burgaud des Marets, i, 12. Jacob’s account of his relations with his friends Budé and Amy at this stage is erroneous. See Rathery, p. 14. ↑

101 Le Double, Rabelais anatomiste et physiologiste, 1889, pp. 12, 425; and pref. by Professor Duval, p. xiii; Stapfer, p. 42; A. Tilley, François Rabelais, 1907, pp. 74–76. ↑

102 In the same year he was induced to publish what turned out to be two spurious documents purporting to be ancient Roman remains. See Heulhard, Rabelais légiste, and Jacob, Notice, p. xviii. ↑

103 Rathery, p. 23. ↑

104 Jacob, p. xix. ↑

105 As to this see Tilley, p. 53. ↑

106 See it at the end of the ed. of Bibliophile Jacob. ↑

107 Cp. Stapfer, pp. 24–25; Rathery, p. 26. ↑

108 Rathery, p. 30. ↑