THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN AFRICA.
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Arnold, Thomas Walker, Sir
Source notes
65 Muḥammad b. ʻUt͟hmān al Ḥashāʼishī, p. 84 sqq. ↑
66 In 1895 Sīdī al-Mahdī, the son and successor of Sīdī Muḥammad al-Sanūsī, migrated to Kufra, as being more central than Jag͟habūb (Muḥammad b. ʻUt͟hmān al-Ḥashāʼishī, pp. 111–15), but later went further south to the region of Borku and Tibesti, where he died in 1902. The head of the order in 1908 was Sīdī Aḥmad, a relative of the founder. (J. C. E. Falls: Drei Jahre in der Libyschen Wüste, p. 274.) (Freiburg, 1911.) ↑
67 Riedel (1), pp. 7, 59, 162. ↑
68 G. Nachtigal: Sahara und Sudan, vol. ii. p. 175. (Berlin, 1879–81.) ↑
69 Duveyrier, p. 45. ↑
70 Paulitschke, p. 214. ↑
71H. Duveyrier: La Confrérie musulmane de Sîdi Mohammed Ben ʼAlî Es-Senousî, passim. (Paris, 1886.) Louis Rinn: Marabouts et Khouans, pp. 481–513. N. Slousch: Les Senoussiya en Tripolitaine. (R. du M. M., vol. i. p. 169 sqq.). For a bibliography of the Sanūsiyyah movement, see Der Islam, iii. pp. 141–2, 312. ↑
72 R. du M. M., vol. i. p. 181; vol. viii. pp. 64–5. ↑
73 Joseph Thomson (2), p. 185. ↑
74 Oppel, p. 303. ↑
75 In the Muri Province of Northern Nigeria. ↑
76 Journal of the African Society, vol. vii. pp. 379–81. ↑
77 Haywood, p. 33. ↑
78 Claude George: The Rise of British West Africa, pp. 120–1. (London, 1902.) ↑
79 Islam and Missions, pp. 73–4. ↑
80 Lippert: Über die Bedeutung der Haussanation für unsere Togo- und Kamerunkolonie, p. 200. MSOS, Band x. (1907), Abteilung III. ↑
81Waitz: IIer Theil, p. 250. ↑
82 C. S. Salmon, p. 891. ↑
83 Pierre Bouche, p. 256. ↑
84 Blyden, p. 357. ↑
85 C. S. Salmon, p. 887. ↑
86 Blyden, p. 202. Westermann, pp. 633–4. ↑
87 Situated on an island about 2° S. of Zanzibar. ↑
88 “Hum Mouro chamado Zaide, que foi neto de Hocem filho de Ale o sobrinho de Mahamed.” (De Barros, Dec. i. Liv. viii. cap. iv. p. 211.) ↑
89 Ibn K͟haldūn, vol. iii. pp. 98–100. ↑
90 Possibly a mistake for al-Ḥasā. See Ibn Baṭūṭah, tome ii. pp. 247–8. ↑
91 Or (to give it its Arabic name) Maqdishū. ↑
92 J. de Barros: Dec. i. Liv. viii. cap. iv. pp. 211–12. ↑
93 De Barros, id. pp. 224–5. See also Justus Strandes: Die Portugiesenzeit von Deutsch- und Englisch-Ostafrika, p. 81 sqq. (Berlin, 1899.) ↑
94Kitāb ʻajāʼib al-Hind ou Livre des Merveilles de l’Inde, publié par P. A. van der Lith, pp. 51–60. (Leiden, 1883.) ↑
95 Mohammedanism in Central Africa, by Joseph Thomson, p. 877. ↑
96 Roscoe, p. 229 sq. ↑
97 Zwemer, p. 236. Gairdner (p. 26) gives the number of Muhammadans as 200,000 out of a population of four millions, but he does not state from what source he derives these figures. Roscoe (p. 6) gives the total population of Uganda as about one million only. ↑
98 Richter, pp. 146–7, 154. Merensky, p. 156. Klamroth, p. 4. ↑
99 R. du M. M., vol. ix. (1909), p. 322. ↑
100 Oscar Baumann: Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete, pp. 141, 153. (Berlin, 1891.) ↑
101 Becker, Islam in Deutsch-Ostafrika, p. 10. ↑
102 Id. p. 13 sqq. Klamroth, pp. 14–28. ↑
103 Id. p. 53. ↑
104 Klamroth, pp. 21, 25, 54. ↑