Byways in British Archaeology

gaps in, 256 Stonehenge, 48, 99, 219, 255; Sir J. N. Lockyer on, 48, 253; trilithons of, 219, 256; barrows near, 261 Stone-rings (see Stone-circles) Stowell, Lord, on use of coffins, 271 Strabo, and omens, 434 Strasburg (Germany), 447 Stratford-on-Avon, church, 230; oxen near, 453 Strathfieldsaye (Hants.), 432 Strathfillan (parish in Argyle and Perth), 94 Streatham (Surrey), 207 Streatham Common (Surrey), 207 Streatley (Berks.), 349 Street, or Streat (Sussex), 101, 344 Strigils, in graves, 294 Strike-a-lights, 285, 293 Strutt, J. G., on yew at Pérone, 378-9; Boldre maple, 384; yews at Inchlonaig, 392 Stubbs (or Stubbes), Philip, on church-ales, 178; dancing in church, 185 Studland (Dorset), 35 Stuttgart (Germany), 231 Suffolk, round church towers of, 123; burial custom, 330; burial on North side, 343 “Sugar-loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303 Sugolia (Hungary), 197 Suicides, burial of, on North side, 341, 351, 352; unburnt, 357; at crossroads, 357-9; in open fields, 359 Summer-houses, 340 Sun, worship of, 202, 213, 218, 219, 255, 439; bowing to the, 212; praying towards, 218, 219; burials facing, 249-52; as determining orientation, 325 Sundials, attached to churches, 162, 163;

stone-circles used as, 255, 256-7 Sunken Kirk (Cambs.), 30 Sunninghill (Berks.), 432 “Sun of Righteousness,” 220, 244 Superstition, and sites of churches, 17, 18; connected with church objects, 29; and burial-places, 87; building of churches, 103-4, 106; and Christian burials, 286-7, 292-3, 294-7; fossils, 303-4; shells, 309; teeth, 321-2; funerals, 331; baptisms and weddings, 332; North side of churchyard, 341-3, 350-2; yews in churchyards, 396; yews at Christmas, 402; horse-skulls, 440-1, 442, 444-5; oxen, 442, 444, 451 Surrey, position of churches, 101; yew trees, 404-5; oxen, 465 Survivals, in burial customs, 268-323; trees on graves, 270; horse-burial, 431-2 Sussex, church towers, 124-5; grave-mounds, 264; barrow, 302; gable ornaments, 441; oxen in, 452, 454-5, 465, 472, 475; size of ox-team, 459, 461; ox-yoke, 461, 462; shoeing of oxen, 472-3 Sutton, as place-name, 339 Swallowfield (Berks.), 378 Swanage (Dorset), 111 Swanscombe (Kent), 62, 349 Sweating sickness, 16 Sweden, burial customs of, 310; rock-carvings, 421; acoustic jars, 447; sacred cows, 481 Swerford (Oxford), 62 Sweyn, nephew of Canute, 200 Swift, Jonathan, quoted, 230 Swindon (Glos.), 111 Swine (Yorks.), 352

Swinhope (Lincs.), 351 Switzerland, lake-dwellings, 249 n., 416, 421; discovery of bows, 388; horse in, 417; oxen of, 477; decoration of cows, 482 Sycamore, in churchyards, 384 Sykes, Sir Tatton, excavation of Duggleby Howe, 66 Symbolism, weathercock, 164; of East and West, 217; of sun, 219 n; deflected chancels, 235-6, 240, 242; in churches, 235-8; of the Cross, 236; graves, 264; grave-gifts, 291, 295, 299, 318; ashes, 316, 317; evergreens, 323; cardinal points, 324, 332; of priest’s position in church, 337; yew, 398, 400-1, 407; of the ox, 485 Syme, J. T. B., on Welsh yews, 398 Sympathetic magic, 295, 322 Syncretism, 25 Synods, Exeter, 140, 196, 383; Winchester, 140; Westminster, 170; Quinsext or Trullan, 186 Tabernacle, of Moses, 217, 223 Tacitus, use of covinus, 422; on white horses, 433; horse-skulls, 440 Tait, Prof. J., on “Toot Hill,” 70 Tandridge (Surrey), 370-1 Tankersley Park (Yorks.), 377 Taplow (Bucks.), 81, 86, 283 Tara, the king of, 402 Tartars, horses of the, 419, 472; chariot-burial, 429 Tatsfield (Surrey), 331 Taunton (Somerset), 232 Tavern signs, 433, 485 Taxine, 362 “Taxus,” word discussed, 362 Taylor, Isaac, on place-names, 31, 32; on determination of position,

325-6; cardinal points, 339-40; Domesday ox-team, 458 Taylor, Silas, on orientation of churches, 225, 227 Teeth, fossil, in barrows, 307; abundance of, in graves, 321; superstitions regarding, 321-2; of horse, in barrows, 430 Teisterbant, meaning of name, 326 Telscombe (Sussex), 90 Temple, meaning of word, 210; of Herod, 217; of Solomon, 217 Temple Downs (Wilts.), 30 Temples, pagan, 28, 30-1 Tenby (Pembroke), 151 Tenison, Archbishop, and Lambeth burial-ground, 343 Tennyson, quoted, 405, 475, 496 Tertullian, reference to Christians, 2; on sun-worship, 219 Teutonic invasion, 3; settlement, 105-6; use of word “church,” 146-7; sun-worship, 219; mythology, 334, 440; horse cult, 433-4, 436, 441 Tewkesbury (Glos.), 140 Texel, meaning of name, 326 Thaxted (Essex), 133 Thegn-right, 73 Theodosius, Edict of, 26 Things (= popular assemblies), 65 Thomas, Mr Edward, quoted, 486 Thor, feasts to, 27, 28; hammer of, 27, 198 Thracians, and white stones, 299 Thrapstone (Northants.), 346 Thruxton Tump (Hereford), 56 Thugs, and prayer towards the East, 217 Thunderbolts, 197 Thursley (Surrey), 384 Thuxton (Norfolk), 347 Tidenham (Glos.), 8 Tideswell (Derby), 153 Timbs, John, on Wrexham yews, 374

Tisbury (Wilts.), 377 Tissington (Derby), earthwork, 16; well-worship, 92 Tithe-barns, use of, 159, 160, 171-2, 182; Brand on, 176 Tiverton (Devon), church used as fortress, 118; burial of gipsy at, 312 Tlingits, or Tlinkits (tribe), 251 Toll-holz (charm), 397 Tombs, simple, 268-9 Tombstones, vaulted, 260; flat, 270, 347; box-shaped, 275; table, 275; vertical, 347 (see also Headstones) Toot-hills, 7, 51, 60-1, 70-3; at Pirton, 60-1, 70; meaning of term, 70-1; at Macclesfield, 71; Little Coates, 72 Tooting (Surrey), 89 Torrington (Devon), 496 Totemism, 281 Totemism and Exogamy, cited, 281, 436 Tothill, Tothill Fields, etc., 71 Tours (France), 231 Toussaint, M., on horse bones, 415 Touting Hills, 71 Towcester (Northants.), 59, 62 Tower of London, 285 Towers, church, used as fortresses, 107-18, 150; portcullis in, 107; Irish round, 118-22; detached, 122-3; circular, 123-4 Town armour, 158 Town halls, 138 Town meeting, 141 Townstall (Devon), 118 Toys, in graves, 312 Tozer, Mr Basil, on horseshoes, 423, 424 Tradition, concerning churches, 30-1, 103-4, 106; yews, 392, 396, 404; horse-skulls, 445-6; ploughing oxen, 487, 492 (see also Folk-memory) Trees, on barrows, 270, 400; on graves,

270, 400; in churchyards, 383-5, 401 Tree-trunks, for coffins, 274, 278 Tree-worship, 28, 400 Tregaron (Cardigan), 48 Trepanning, 321 Trephine, and yew trees, 365 Trevis (= beam used in shoeing oxen), 473 Trial by ordeal, 136, 354 Trilithons, 255 Trottescliffe (Kent), 40 Trullan Synod, 186 Tull, Jethro, on agriculture, 468 Tumulus, meaning of word, 51 (see also Barrow) Tunbridge Wells (Kent), 454 Turanians, burial customs, 284 Turlagh, burial at, 352 Turner, Robert, on yew superstition, 395-6 Turner, Sir W., on Australian burial custom, 313 Turris, or bretasche, 53 Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 483 Tutt Hill (Suffolk), 71 Tweeddale, churchyards of, 343 Tweedside superstitions, 301 Twelfth Night, quoted, 154, 382 Twyford (Hants.), megalith, 45; yew, 378 Tyack, Rev. G. S., on holy wells, 97; church-ales, 180 Tylor, Prof. E. B., on value of details, 2; orientation of churches, 213, 216-7, 219; comparative burial customs, 251-2, 312; animism, 279-81; burial of coins, 296; on grave-gifts, 279-82; East and West, 332 Tyndall, John, his grave at Haslemere, 264 Tynemouth (Northumberland), 230 Tynwald Hill (I. of Man), 64 Uffington (Berks.), 433-4 Uganda, 358 Ulm (Germany), 126 Unbaptized

children, burial of, 351, 353 n. Upper Beeding (Sussex), 344 Upsala, heathen temple at, 28; tumulus, 276 n. Upton (Notts.), 448 Uriconium, discoveries at, 479 Urn-field, at Aylesford, 261, 276 Urns, cinerary, 277, 292, 399; burial in, 261, 451; containing flint chips, 285 Urus, the, 477 Usher of school, his origin, 149, 154 Utterby (Lincs.), 351 Uttoxeter (Staffs.), 71 Vaigatch, 228 Vale of Pewsey (Wilts.), 453, 473 Vale of Pickering (Yorks.), 453 Varanger Fiord (Norway), 309 Variation of magnetic needle, 228 Vatican, museum of, 199; St Peter’s church, 232 Vedic hymn, quoted, 283; literature, 439 Veile, or Vejle (Denmark), 28 Venta Silurum (= Caerwent), 25 Verona (Italy), 216 Verulam, Roman station, 4 Vessels, models of, in churches, 203 Vestry, Easter, 141; “open,” 141; the word and the institution, 142; origin of, 142-3; “close,” 142; records of, 271 Victoria, burial of, 432 Victoria Histories: London, 9; Cumberland, 50; Kent, 52; Cornwall, 310 Viking burials, 262, 294, 431 Village, stockaded, 16; plays, 181-3; fairs, 191, 193 Villas, Roman, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95 Vindomora, Roman station, 12 Vinogradoff, Prof. P., on gallows, 69 n.; on cost of iron weapons, 158; Domesday ox-team, 458

Virgil, and word dexter, 327; chariot-burial, 429; on white horses, 433; story of the Carthaginians, 442; the Golden Age, 483 Vishnu, mythology of, 307, 442 Vision of William, cited, 456, 457 n. Vitruvius, on acoustic vessels, 447 Vogt, M. Carl, on domestication of the horse, 414 Von Hefele, C. J., on Trullan Synod, 186 Votive offerings, 203, 293 Vulgate, the, and use of the word “specula,” 71 Waith (Lincs.), 108 Wakefield (Yorks.), 344 Walcott, M. E. C., on orientation of churches, 212 Wales, churches of, near stone-circles, 48; well-worship, 92, 94-5; circular churchyards, 97, 99; legends regarding churches, 104; sports in churchyards, 197; folk-lore, 246; bards, 257, 398; burial customs, 331; well superstition, 332; bone-caves, 417; mummers, 442; black cattle, 480; pagan deities, 482 Wallace, Mr R. Hedger, on long-horned cattle, 479 Walnut trees, in churchyards, 384 Walrond, Col. F., on bows, 389 Walsall (Staffs.), 104 Walsingham (Norfolk), 192 Walter de Henley, on ploughing, 458, 467, 468; speed of oxen, 467; shoeing oxen, 468, 470-1 Waltham Abbey (Essex), 165 Walthamstow (Essex), 416 Walton (Norfolk), 122 Walton-on-the-Hill (Lancs.), 165 Walton-on-the-Hill (Surrey), 67

Walton-on-Thames (Surrey), 163 Wandsworth (London), 260 Ward, Mr John, on Roman sites, 495 Wareham (Dorset), 274 Warlingham (Surrey), 291 Warmsworth (Yorks.), 123 Warne, Charles, on Knowlton earthworks, 401 Warner, R., on tradition concerning the yew, 392 Warnford (Hants.), 162 Warrington (Lancs.), 56-7 Warry, Mrs C. King, on “church-gift,” 155 Watchet (Somerset), 95 Watching-lofts, 126 Watcombe (Berks.), 377 Wateringbury (Kent), 167 Watson, Mr G., on deflected chancel, 231 Watson, Mr William, quoted, 407 Weapons, in churches, 158-62; in graves, 282-4, 293; offered to, 285 Weathercocks, on churches, 164 Weatherston, Mr J., on horseshoes, 426 Webb, Mr E. A., on Chislehurst grave, 77 Webb, Mr and Mrs S., on meetings held in churches, 140-2 “Weeping chancels,” 228; theories concerning, 233-8 Wehner, H., on orientation, 227 Welbourn (Lincs.), 240 Well (Lincs.), 206, 207 Wellesbourne (Warwick), 272 Wellington (Somerset), 347 Wellington, Duke of, burial of his horse, 432 Well-worship, 92-7, 442, 482 Welsh courts, old, 64; poem quoted, 301; bards, 398; laws, 398 Wendish settlements, 341; burials, 429 Wendover (Bucks.), 104 Wenlock Priory (Salop), 95 Wessex, superstitions, 296-7 West,

prayer towards, 217, 333; symbolism of the, 217, 332-3; in place-names, 339-40 West Beckham (Norfolk), 222 West Dean (Sussex), 177, 344, 455 Westermarck, Prof. E., on primitive religion, 281; burial of suicides, 358, 359 n. West Malling, 230 West Mersea (Essex), 7 Westmeston (Sussex), 384, 443 Westminster Abbey, Roman remains, 9; size of, 134; orientation of, 223; deflected choir, 232; Ben Jonson’s grave in, 266; burial of Lord Palmerston in, 310 Westminster Gate House, 139 Weston, as place-name, 339 Weston-in-Gordano (Somerset), 155 Weston-under-Redcastle (Salop), 165 West Tarring (Sussex), 496 West Wycombe (Bucks.), 15 Wexford (Ireland), 271 Weybridge (Surrey), 344 Wharfedale (Yorks.), 444 Whatley (Somerset), Roman villa, 9; sarsens near church, 41; squint, 151; burial on North side, 345 Wheat, at funerals, 318 Wheels, of fortune, 202-3; chariot, in barrows, 430 Whitby (Yorks.), parish church, 127, 234; oxen employed near, 453 Whitby Abbey, used as a beacon, 127; alinement of, 230, 239; double dedication, 233-5; Pugin’s opinion concerning, 236; oxen, 453 Whitchurch (Oxford), 344 White, Gilbert, burial on North side, 343, 348; connection with Faringdon, 344; Selborne churchyard,

354; yew, 378; “shelter theory,” 383 White, H. Kirke, quoted, 335 White horses, 433-4; carvings of, 433-4 Whitemoorstone Down (Devon), 256 Whitepark Bay (Antrim), 418, 418 n. White pebbles, in graves, 299 Whitestaunton (Somerset), 95, 97 Whitsun-ales, 177 Whittlebury (Northants.), 84 Wickes (Essex), 123 Wickham, East and West (Kent), 340 Widdicombe (Devon), 345 Widford (Glos.), 7 Wiggonholt (Sussex), 418 William the Conqueror, at Hastings, 57; and punishment by hanging, 68 William Fitzstephen, on horse-races, 422; London market, 457; his Life of Becket, 477 William of Malmesbury, on Glastonbury, 23; racehorses, 422 Wills, stored in churches, 170 Willy Howe (Yorks.), 66-7 Wilson, Prof. J., on British oxen, 477; Park cattle, 478; polled cattle, 479; Celtic shorthorn, 480 Wilson, Sir D., on Gaelic, 49 Wiltshire, barrows of, 249, 250, 288, 305; prehistoric monuments, 253; burial custom, 313; superstition, 334; oxen, 453, 473; discovery in barrow, 483 Winchester, cathedral, 9, 10; Synod of, 140; Statute of, 192 Windr-, in place-names, 341 Wingham (Kent), 8 Winkelbury (Wilts.), Saxon burials at, 250, 285; yew grove, 403 Winter-, in place-names, 341 Winterbourne, place-name, 341

Winterton (Lincs.), 342 Wisdom of Solomon, quoted, 217-18 Witches, legends concerning, 103-4, 106, 438; horseshoe charm, 157; amber charms against, 301; and churchyard yew, 396; Bede’s injunction, 397; kept away by fox’s skull, 443 Wodin (see under Odin) Woldingham (Surrey), 355, 356 Wolstan, monk of Winchester, 211 Wolves, teeth of, 301-2, 310 Woodbury Hill (Dorset), 193 Woodchester (Glos.), 8 Woodcuts (Dorset), 302, 403, 424 Woodcuts Common, 30 Wood-Martin, Mr W. G., on cromlechs in churchyards, 49, 86; holy wells, 93; Irish graves, 299; the deiseal, 330 Woodnesborough (Kent), 74 Woodward, Dr H., on fossil teeth, 307 Woodyates (Dorset), 275; horseshoes found at, 424 Wookey (Somerset), 382 Wool, stored in churches, 173; in coffins, 313 Woollen, burial in, 271, 278-9 Woolwich and Reading Beds, 40 Words and Places, cited, 32 Wordsworth, W., quoted, 135, 209-10, 240-1, 355, 496 Worth (Sussex), 332 Worth Matravers (Dorset), 275 Wotjo (Australian station), 252 Wotton (Surrey), church porch, 153; curious burial, 245 Wrabness (Essex), 123 Wrexham (Denbigh), 374 Wright, Mr A. G., on Alphamstone discoveries, 84, 85 Wright, Thomas, on Addington church, 45; St Weonards mound, 56; Roman

inscriptions, 69; grave-mounds, 83, 260; yew found in cinerary urn, 399 Wroxeter (Salop), 7, 10 Wyatt, Mr J., on fossils used as beads, 307 Wyclif’s Bible, 71 Wylie, W. M., on Fairford graves, 288-9 Wyre Piddle (Worcester), 78-9 Xenophon, cited, 70 Yarnborough, or Yarnbury Camp (Wilts.), 193 Yateley (Hants.), 344 Yesso (Japan), 247 Yew, at St Weonards, 56; Taplow, 81; the churchyard, 160, 328, 348, 353, 360-407, 490-1; botanical description, 360-1; Irish variety, 361, 406; indigenous tree, 361; whether poisonous, 361-2, 385, 395; origin of word, 362-3; De Candolle on, 364-6, 368; methods of estimating age, 364-74; theory of annual rings, 366-8; on Pilgrims’ Way, 374-5; Fortingal, 375-6, 379, 403; Brabourne, 376; Hensor, 376; Darley Dale, 376; Kersal, 377; Fountains Abbey, 377; Watcombe, 377; miscellaneous specimens, 377-8; why planted in churchyards, 380-98, 407; use on Palm Sunday, 380-2; “Yew Cross,” 382; symbolism theory, 382-3; protection theory, 383-4; why enclosed, 385; bow theory, 385-94; foreign yew formerly imported, 390-2; in Irish folk-lore, 395, 401-2; in witchcraft, 396-7; in symbolism, 398, 400-1; in magic, 399, 401-2; vessels and implements made of, 402; fossil

condition, 403; and open-air courts, 404; position in churchyards, 404-6; conclusions respecting, 406-7 Yggdrasil, magic tree of the Eddas, 328, 334 Yoke, used for oxen, 461-2; description of, 462 York Fabric Rolls, quoted, 173 York, Minster Yard, 165; cathedral, 170; St Michael’s-le-Belfry, 191; alinement of cathedral, 230, 232; St Mary’s, 230; ancient will referred to, 471 Yorkshire, holy wells of, 92, 97; councils in churches and churchyards, 140; dancing in churches, 185; barrows, 249, 261-2, 276, 307, 417; teeth superstition, 322; churchyard trees, 406; use of ox in, 452-3, 458, 465 Youatt, W., on horseshoes, 427; on horse-sandals, 428; ox-team, 461, 465; ox-races, 467; shoeing oxen, 473; on the trevis, 474 Youens, Mr E. C., and horseshoe, 425-6 Youghal (Cork), 448 Young, Arthur, on use of ox in Yorkshire, 452; Essex farmers, 454; ox-collars, 461; ox-labour, 467 “Young Men’s Wardens,” 175 Yspytty Kenwyn (Cardigan), 48 Yule-tide, 27 Zaborowski, M., on drawings of cave-horse, 414 Zodiac, and Gorsedd circles, 256 Zoological Gardens (London), 413, 478 Zoomorphic stones, ornament, 434