The Rise of the Mediaeval Church And Its Influence on the Civilization of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century

[476:1] Gilman, The Saracens; Ameer Ali, Life and Teachings of Mohammed and A Short History of the Saracens; Muir, Life of Mohammed and Annals of the Early Caliphate; Lane-Poole, Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammed; Gibbon, v., ch. 50, 51; various eds. of the Koran.

[477:1] Among these sects were Arians, Sabellians, Ebionites, Nestorians, Eutychians, Monophysites, Marianites, and Collyridians.

[477:2] The Bible had probably been translated into Arabic before the Koran appeared. Gibbon, ch. 50.

[478:1] Muir, ii., 18, 35; Burckhardt, Travels, 136.

[480:1] Koran, Sura ii., 189, 214; xvii., 4-7.

[481:1] Ockley, Hist. of the Saracens; Bahador, Essays on the Life of Mohammed; Prideaux, Life of Mahomet; Bush, Life of Mohammed; Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism; Bate, Studies in Islam; Stobart, Islam and its Founder; Rodwell, The Koran; Palmer, The Koran; Sale, The Koran; etc.

[481:2]Quarterly Review, Oct., 1869.

[483:1] Gibbon, ch. 50.

[485:1] Robinson, Readings, i., 336.

[486:1] Robinson, Readings, i., 337-340.

[486:2] Cutts, Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages; Milman, bk. vii., 224.

[486:3] Indulgences for fighting heathen had been offered long before this time. See Thatcher and McNeal, No. 276, 277.

[487:1] Cunningham, Western Civilisation, ii., 108.

[487:2] See Thatcher and McNeal, No. 274, 275.

[487:3] Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, ii., 248; Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages.

[488:1]Revue de l'orient Latin, 1897, 6-21.

[488:2] Burr, The Year One Thousand and the Antecedents of the Crusades, Am. Hist. Rev., vol. vi.

[488:3] Duchesne, iii., 28th letter; Bouquet, ex 426; Muratori, iii., 400.

[488:4] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 278.

[488:5] Lib., i., 49; ii., 31-37; Jaffé, Man. Greg., i., 18, 46, 49; ii., 3, 31, 37.

[489:1] Mansi, 801-815; Muratori, iii., 353; Mon. Ger., v., 161; xii., 394; Jaffé, Reg., i., 677.

[489:2] Mansi, xx., 815-919; Jaffé, Reg., i., 681. Three versions of the speech may be found in U. of P. Transl. and Reprints, ii., No. 2, 4-5; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 279, 280; Robinson, Readings, vol. i., 312.

[490:1]Hist. Occid., iv., 16; Sybel, 228.

[490:2] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 281.

[491:1] Potthast, Bib. Hist., ii., 550.

[491:2]Hist. Occid., iv., 12, 13, 135; Mon. Ger., v., 161; xx., 248; xxi., 56.

[492:1] Major Crusades:

(1) 1096-1099—led by knights of France and the Normans.

(2) 1147-1149—led by kings of France and Germany.

(3) 1189-1192—led by kings of France, England, and Germany.

(4) 1202-1204—led by French nobles and the Doge of Venice.

[492:2] Minor Crusades:

(1) 1216-1220.

(2) 1228-1229.

(3) 1248-1254.

(4) 1270-1272.

[492:3] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 282, 283; Robinson, Readings, i., 316; Ogg, § 52.

[493:1] Ogg, § 52.

[493:2] Giesebrecht, iii., 656.

[494:1] Gibbon, ch. 58.

The Rise of the Mediaeval Church And Its Influence on the...

Before CHAPTER XXI RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS IN THE CHURCH

Source notes