A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume...

37De cultu et amore Dei, 1745. tr. as The Worship and Love of God, ed. 1885, p. 18. ↑

38 “When he was contradicted he kept silence.” Documents concerning Swedenborg, ed. by Dr. Tafel, 1875–1877, ii, 564. ↑

39 Cp. Swedenborg’s letter to Beyer, in Documents, as cited, ii, 279. ↑

40 For many years he seldom went to church, being unable to listen peacefully to the trinitarian doctrine he heard there. Documents, as cited, ii, 560. ↑

41 W. White, Swedenborg: his Life and Writings, ed. 1867, i, 188. ↑

42 Schweitzer, Geschichte der skandinavischen Literatur, ii, 175, 225; C.-F. Allen, Histoire de Danemark, Fr. tr. ii, 1900–1901; R. N. Bain, Gustavus Vasa and his Contemporaries, 1894, i, 226. ↑

43Correspondance de Grimm, ed. 1829–1831, vii, 229. ↑

44 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 206. ↑

45 Writing to his mother on his first visit to Paris, he takes her, ostensibly as a libre esprit, into his confidence, disparaging Marmontel and Grimm as vain. Joseph II in turn pronounced Gustavus “a conceited fop, an impudent braggart” (Bain, as cited, i, 266). Both monarchs set up an impression of want of balance, and the mother of Gustavus, who forced him to break with her, does the same. ↑

46 Bain, as cited, i, 224–31. ↑

47Id. ii, 208–12. ↑

48Id. i, 267–68. ↑

49 Cp. Bain, ii, 272, 287, 293–96. ↑

50 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 335. ↑

51 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. Cp. pp. 161–63. Schlosser, iv, 15. ↑

52 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190; Otté, p. 322; C.-F. Allen, as cited, ii, 194–201; Schlosser, iv, 319 sq. ↑

53 Cp. Mary Wollstonecraft’s Letters from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, 1796, Let. xviii. One of the grounds on which the queen was charged with unchastity was, that she had established a hospital for foundlings. ↑

54 Trans. from the German, 1774; 2nd ed. 1825. See it also in the work, Converts from Infidelity, by Andrew Crichton; vols. vi and vii of Constable’s Miscellany, 1827. This singular compilation includes lives of Boyle, Bunyan, Haller, and others, who were never “infidels.” ↑

55 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190–91. ↑

56 Work cited, Letter vii. ↑

57Id. Letter viii, near end. ↑

58 Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 324. ↑

59 He claimed that the remarks penned by him in an anti-atheistic work, challenging its argument, represented not unbelief but the demand for a better proof, which he undertook to produce. See Krasinski, Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations, 1851, pp. 224–25. It is remarkable that the Pope, Innocent XI, bitterly censured the execution. ↑

60 Fletcher, History of Poland, 1831, p. 141. ↑

61 Fletcher, pp. 145–46. ↑

62 Hardwick, Church History: Middle Age, 1853, pp. 386–87. ↑

63 L. Sichler, Hist. de la litt. Russe, 1887, pp. 88–89, 139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259, etc. (Eng. tr. i, 309, 321, 328). ↑

64 R. N. Bain, The First Romanovs, 1905, pp. 136–51; Rambaud, p. 333 (tr. i, 414–17). The struggle (1654) elicited old forms of heresy, going back to Manicheism and Gnosticism. In this furious schism Nikon destroyed irregular ikons or sacred images; and savage persecutions resulted from his insistence that the faithful should use three fingers instead of two in crossing themselves. Many resisted to the death. ↑

65 Prince Serge Wolkonsky, Russian History and Literature, 1897, pp. 98–101. ↑

66 Morfill, History of Russia, 1902, p. 14; Bain, p. 201. ↑

67 Cp. Wolkonsky, p. 101. ↑

68 C. E. Turner, Studies in Russian Literature, 1882, p. 2. ↑

69Id. pp. 16, 17, 25, 26, 40; Sichler, p. 148. ↑

70 Sichler, p. 139. Peter’s dislike of monks won him the repute of a freethinker. Morfill, p. 97. He was actually attacked as “Antichrist” in a printed pamphlet on the score of his innovations. Personally, he detested religious persecution, and was willing to tolerate anybody but Jews; but he had to let persecution take place; and even to consent to removing statues of pagan deities from his palace. Bain, pp. 304–309. ↑

71 Cp. Bain, p. 392. ↑

72 Turner, p. 22. Kantemir was the friend of Bolingbroke and Montesquieu in Paris. ↑

73 Sichler, p. 147. ↑

74 Turner, pp. 40–41. ↑

75 See the passages cited by Rambaud, p. 482, from her letter to Voltaire. ↑

76 Seume, Ueber das Leben ... der Kaiserin Catharina II: Werke, ed. 1839, v, 239–40; Rambaud, pp. 482–84. ↑