Mythology among the Hebrews and Its Historical Development

139. Sprachliches aus den Zeltlagern der syrischen Wüste, p. 32, note 21 (a reprint from Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1868, XXII.).

140. A species of lyric poem or elegy.—Tr.

141. Saḳt al-zand (Bûlâḳ edition of 1286), II. 34. Yet Aġânî, I. 147. 20, in a poem of Nuṣeyb: wa lam ara matbûʿan aḍarra min-al-maṭari.

142. See an example in Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1857, V. p. 100, l. 14.

143. Kitâb al-aġânî, XI. 126.

144. Ṣaḥâḥ, s.r. ṭrḳ.

145. Chunnas, ‘planet,’ i.e. Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, or Mercury.—Tr.

146. Commentary on the Ḳorân (Fleischer’s edition), II. 397. 6.

147. Phaleg (ed. Frankfort), II. 124.

148. Yerach (pausal yârach), Gen. X. 26, 1 Chr. I. 20; elsewhere yerach denotes ‘month’ and yârêach ‘moon.’—Tr.

149. Ibn Dureyd, Kitâb al-ishtiḳâḳ, p. 99. 9.

150. Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams, Leipzig 1873, p. viii.

151. See Creuzer, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, 3rd ed., I. 38.

152. Welcker, Griechische Götterlehre, I. 169.

153. As the myth grows more and more into a religion, and the conception of a mighty god who excels all others becomes fixed, the production of thunder and rain, &c., is gradually transferred to this originally solar god (see also Max Müller, Chips, &c., I. 357 et seq.). The sharp division made above is therefore absolutely true only of the purely mythological stage. Conversely Indra and Varuṇa, originally figures belonging to the gloomy cloudy and rainy sky, which take the highest places in the Indian religion, are in the Vedic Hymns endowed with solar traits.

154. Those to whom the philosophical terms objective and subjective are not familiar must understand them respectively as impersonal or impartial, and personal or partial; the former being that which is outside the thinker’s personality, the latter that which is within him, and therefore often the reflected image of external things on his own mind.—Tr.

155. On the disappearance of individuality in direct proportion to antiquity, see Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ueber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues, Berlin 1836, p. 4. Lazarus appears to concede to the individual too much influence on the origin of speech; see Leben der Seele II. 115.

156. See the article ‘Das Epos’ in Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, &c. 1868, V. 8, 10.

157. Nöldeke, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber, p. 185. 12.

158. Kitâb al-aġânî, VI. 137. 17.

159. Durrat al-ġauwâs (ed. Thorbecke), p. 178. 4.

160. Yâḳût, I. 934. 2.

161. Romance of ʿAntar, IV. 97. 2.

162. This connexion is found among the Polynesians: ‘The time-reckoning in all Polynesia conformed to the moon. They reckoned by nights,’ &c., Gerland, Anthropologie der Naturvölker. 71. Only the nights had names, the days had none, ibid., pp. 72. Both the chronology according to moons and the counting of days by nights are linguistically demonstrated of the Melanesian group. See the comparison in Gerland, ibid., pp. 616–619.

163. Laz. Geiger, Ursprung und Entwicklung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft, II. 270.

164. Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, in German, II. xcviii. and III. xx.

165. God in History, II. 433–5.

166. De Bello Gallico, VI. 18: ‘Spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur.’

167. Germania, XI: ‘Nec dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium computant. Sic constituunt, sic condicunt: nox ducere diem videtur,’ in connexion with the public assemblies at the changes of the moon. The fact must not be overlooked that, according to Caesar, ibid. 22, the Germans ‘agriculturae non student, majorque pars victus eorum in lacte, caseo, carne consistit.’ See also, on this subject, Pictet, Les origines Indo-Européennes et les Aryas primitifs, II. 588.

168. And in ‘Se'nnight.’—Tr.

169. The identical English term ‘Leap year’ is another apposite example.—Tr.

170. See the Hungarian review, Magyar Nyelvőr, I. 26–28.

171. In Rawlinson’s History of Herodotus, App. to Book II. chap. VII. § 16–20 (ed. of 1862, vol. II. p. 282 et seq.).

172. Waitz, l. c. IV. 174.

173. See Karl Andree, Forschungsreisen, &c., II. 205.

174. Mommsen, History of Rome, I. 217 (ed. 1862), 230 (ed. 1868).

175. Welcker, Griechische Götterlehre, I. 555.

176. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ed. 1862, vol. II. p. 283, § 17.

177. Die quinäre und vigesimale Zählmethode, Halle 1867.

178. Waitz, l. c. II. p. 224, compared with Bastian, Geographische und ethnologische Bilder, Jena 1874, pp. 144, 155.