INDEX
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Kant, Immanuel and Smith, Mary Campbell
Spinoza, Benedict; on the state of nature, 41; and revolution, ib.
Standing armies; 63, 64, 89, 110.
State of nature; according to Rousseau, 2, 3; and the golden age, 3; Hobbes’ theory of, 4, 40, 41, 118; according to Hume a philosophical fiction, 41; according to Kant, 117-120.
States; transference of, 63, 108, 109; marriage between, 109.
St. Pierre, Castel de; 30, 32, 33; his Projet, 34-37; and Leibniz, 37, 38; and Rousseau, 38-40, 61, 67, 79, 92, 106.
Sully, Duke of; 30, 32, 33.
Tennyson, Lord; 73, 74.
Tertullian; 14, 15.
Treaties of peace; in Greece, 7, 63, 64, 107, 108.
Treitschke, H. von; 75.
Trendelenburg, F. A.; 75.
Vattel, Emerich; his Droit des Gens, 28, 29; on intervention, 64, 113, 114; on the right of way, 65; of self-preservation, 83, 89, 103; on treaties, 108; 131.
Voltaire, François de; 33, 37, 38.
War; religious, 16; private, 17, 20, 29; dynastic, 38, 57, 123; Kant’s attitude to, 58, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149-151; its influence on progress, 70, 96, 103; views of Hegel on, 71, 72, 75; of Schiller, 71, 72, 73, 75; of Moltke, 71, 73, 74, 75; under altered conditions, 76, 77, 78; when just, 84, 85; future probable causes of, 94, 95; honorable conduct of, 114, 115.
Wycliffe, John; and fighting clergy, 18.
Zwingli, Huldreich, 19.
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Source notes
FOOTNOTES
[1] Cf. his Studies in Political and Social Ethics, pp. 169, 170.
[2] For the inconsistency between the views expressed by Rousseau on this subject in the Discourses and in the Contrat Social (Cf. I. Chs. VI., VIII.) see Ritchie’s Natural Right, Ch. III., pp. 48, 49; Caird’s essay on Rousseau in his Essays on Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I.; and Morley’s Rousseau, Vol. I., Ch. V.; Vol. II., Ch. XII.
[3] The theory that the golden age was identical with the state of nature, Professor D. G. Ritchie ascribes to Locke (see Natural Right, Ch. II., p. 42). Locke, he says, “has an idea of a golden age” existing even after government has come into existence—a time when people did not need “to examine the original and rights of government.” [Civil Government, II., § 111.] A little confusion on the part of his readers (perhaps in his own mind) makes it possible to regard the state of nature as itself the golden age, and the way is prepared for the favourite theory of the eighteenth century:—
“Nor think in nature’s state they blindly trod;
The state of nature was the reign of God:
Self-love and social at her birth began,
Union the bond of all things and of man.
Pride then was not, nor arts that pride to aid;
Man walk’d with beast, joint tenant of the shade;
The same his table, and the same his bed;
No murder cloath’d him, and no murder fed.”
[Essay on Man, III., 147 seq.]
In these lines of Pope’s the state of nature is identified with the golden age of the Greek and Latin poets; and “the reign of God” is an equivalent for Locke’s words, “has a law of nature to govern it.”
[4] Cf. Republic, II. 369. “A state,” says Socrates, “arises out of the needs of mankind: no one is self-sufficing, but all of us have many wants.”
[5] See Hume’s account of the origin of government (Treatise, III., Part II., Sect. VIII.). There are, he says, American tribes “where men live in concord and amity among themselves without any established government; and never pay submission to any of their fellows, except in time of war, when their captain enjoys a shadow of authority, which he loses after their return from the field, and the establishment of peace with the neighbouring tribes. This authority, however, instructs them in the advantages of government, and teaches them to have recourse to it, when either by the pillage of war, by commerce, or by any fortuitous inventions, their riches and possessions have become so considerable as to make them forget, on every emergence, the interest they have in the preservation of peace and justice.... Camps are the true mothers of cities; and as war cannot be administered, by reason of the suddenness of every exigency, without some authority in a single person, the same kind of authority naturally takes place in that civil government, which succeeds the military.”
Cf. Cowper: The Winter Morning Walk:—
“...........and ere long,
When man was multiplied and spread abroad