Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the...

998 2 Kings iv, 23; Amos viii, 5; Isa. i, 13.

999 Exod. xxiii, 6.

1000 Deut. v, 12 ff.; Exod. xx, 8 ff.; the term 'holy' here means set apart ritually, that is, taboo.

1001 Ezek. xx, 12 f., 16, 20 f., 24; Isa. lviii, 13 f.; cf. article "Sabbath" in Jewish Encyclopedia.

1002 The Hebrew stem shabat means 'to cease,' a signification that accords well with the character of a taboo day. But this sense has not been certainly found for the Babylonian stem, and the original force of the term sabbath may be left undecided.

1003 Exod. xxiii, 12.

1004 Chabas, Le calendrier des jours fastes et néfastes; Maspero, Études égyptiennes, i, 28 ff.; Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, chap. x.

1005 IV Rawlinson, plates, 32 f.; Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 373 ff.

1006 Hesiod, Works and Days, 763 ff.

1007 Wissowa, Religion der Römer, p. 365 ff.; Fowler, Roman Festivals, Index. The Romans, with their thoroughness where public religion was concerned, divided all the days of the year into the three classes, dies festi (festive, for worship), dies profesti (for ordinary business), and dies intercisi (mixed, partly for religion, partly for ordinary affairs).

1008 Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, iii, 29 (Burma).

1009 J. H. King, The Supernatural, Index, s.v. Luck.

1010 Many examples are given in Westermarck's Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, chap. xxxvii f.; cf. above, § 204 ff., on fasting.

1011 Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 630 ff.

1012 E. A. Gait, article "Caste" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1013 Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., i, 321.

1014 Taboo thus helps the growth of civil law (especially of penal codes) by its collection of offenses, though only on condition of retiring from the field. Cf. Frazer, Psyche's Task, p. 17 ff.

1015 Lev. xiv, 48-53.

1016 Lev. xii.

1017 So in many popular festivals; see Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 453 ff.; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, chap. xlii.

1018 Examples are given in Crawley's Mystic Rose, pp. 223, 480 ff., chap. x ff.

1019 Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 3d ed., p. 129 ff.; Hubert and Mauss, in Année sociologique, vii; Frazer, Early History of the Kingship, lecture ii, especially p. 52 ff. (he defines taboo as "negative magic," magic, that is, employed to avoid malefic influences); cf. Crawley, The Mystic Rose, chap. ix, for the transmission of sex characteristics.

1020 Cf. R. R. Marett, "Is Taboo a Negative Magic?" (reply to Frazer), in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor.

1021 Cf. Marett, op. cit.

1022 R. Taylor, New Zealand, chap. viii; Alexander, Short History of the Hawaiian People.

1023 Shortland, Maori Religion.

1024 Exod. xxiii, 10 f.