THE SPREAD OF ISLAM AMONG THE CHRISTIAN NATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA.
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Arnold, Thomas Walker, Sir
Source notes
123 Von Kremer (2), pp. 3, 7–8. C. H. Becker: Christliche Polemik und islamische Dogmenbildung (Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, xxvi. 1912). ↑
124 Ibn K͟hallikān, vol. i. p. 45. ↑
125 Wüstenfeld, p. 103. ↑
126 Michael the Elder, vol. ii. pp. 412–13. Caetani, vol. v. p. 508. (“Le vittorie sui Greci e sui Persiani non solamente erano il trionfo della razza araba sulle popolazioni delle provincie conquistate, ma nella mente orientale che vede in tutto la mano di Dio, costituivano un trionfo del principio islamico su quello cristiano e mazdeista, ma sovrattutto sul cristiano.”) ↑
127 Goldziher, vol. i. chaps. 3 and 4. ↑
128 The last of these was prompted by the discovery of an attempt on the part of the Christians to burn the city of Cairo. (De Guignes, vol. iv. pp. 204–5.) Gottheil, p. 359, Journal Asiatique, IVme série, tome xviii. (1851), pp. 454, 455, 463, 484, 491. ↑
129 Assemani, tom. iii. pars. 2, p. c. Renaudot, pp. 432, 603, 607. ↑
130 Muir: The Caliphate, p. 475. ↑
131 Von Kremer (3), p. 246. ↑
132 Muir (1), pp. 508, 516–17. ↑
133 Mārī b. Sulaymān, p. 79 sq. Ṣalībā b. Yuḥannā, p. 71. ↑
134 Gottheil, p. 364 sqq. ↑
135 Mārī b. Sulaymān, p. 114 (ll. 14–16). ↑
136 This tradition appears in several forms, e.g. “Whoever wrongs one with whom a compact has been made (i.e. a d͟himmī) and lays on him a burden beyond his strength, I will be his accuser.” (Balād͟hurī, p. 162, fin.) (Yaḥyā b. Ādam, p. 54 (fin.), adds the words, “till the day of judgment.”) “Whoever does violence to a d͟himmī who has paid his jizyah and evidenced his submission—his enemy am I.” (Usd al-G͟hāba, quoted by Goldziher, in the Jewish Encyclopædia, vol. vi. p. 655.) The Christian historian al-Makīn (p. 11) gives, “Whoever torments the d͟himmīs, torments me.” ↑
137 Journal Asiatique, IVme série, tome xix. p. 109. (Paris, 1852.) See also R. Gottheil: A Fetwa on the appointment of D͟himmīs to office. (Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. xxvi. p. 203 sqq.) ↑
138 Belin, pp. 435–40, 442, 448, 456, 459–61, 479–80. ↑
139 Id. p. 435, n. 2. ↑
140 Id. p. 478. ↑
141 Mārī b. Sulaymān (p. 115, ll. 1–2) offers this explanation of the defections that followed the persecution towards the close of the tenth century: واسلم خلق كثير وكان اصل ذلك تجوّز الناس في اديانہم وقبح سيرة الكہنة في المذبح والبيع ونيوت المقدس ↑
142 The Caliph of Egypt, al-Ḥākim (A.D. 996–1020), did in fact order all the Jews and Christians to leave Egypt and emigrate into the Byzantine territory, but yielded to their entreaties to revoke his orders. (Maqrīzī (1), p. 91.) It would have been quite possible, however, for him to have enforced its execution as it would have been for the ferocious Salīm I (1512–1520), who with the design of putting an end to all religious differences in his dominions caused 40,000 Shīʻahs to be massacred, to have completed this politic scheme by the extermination of the Christians also. But in allowing himself to be dissuaded from this design, he most certainly acted in accordance with the general policy adopted by Muhammadan rulers towards their Christian subjects. (Finlay, vol. v. pp. 29–30.) ↑
143 Silbernagl, p. 268. ↑
144 Id. p. 354. ↑
145 Id. pp. 307, 360. ↑
146 Id. p. 25–6. ↑
147 Id. p. 335. ↑
148 Id. p. 384. ↑
149 See A. von Kremer (1), vol. ii. pp. 490–2. ↑
150 The sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 may be taken as a type of the treatment that the Eastern Christians met with at the hands of the Latins. Barhebræus complains that the monastery of Harran was sacked and plundered by Count Goscelin, Lord of Emessa, in 1184, just as though he had been a Saracen or a Turk. (Barhebræus (1), vol. ii. pp. 506–8.) ↑
151 H. H. Milman, vol. ii. p. 218. ↑
152 A. von Kremer (1), vol. i. p. 172. ↑
153 Assemani, tom. iii. Pars Prima, pp. 130–1. ↑
154 Ibn Saʻd, Ṭabaqāt, vol. v. p. 258. ↑
155 Id. p. 285. ↑
156 Maḥbūb al-Manbijī, p. 358 (ll. 2–3). ↑
157 Ibn Saʻd, Ṭabaqāt, vol. v. p. 262. ↑
158 August Müller, vol. i. p. 440. ↑
159 Migne: Patr. Gr., tom. 96, pp. 1336–48. ↑
160 Migne: Patr. Gr., tom. 97, pp. 1528–9, 1548–61. ↑
161 Id. p. 1557. ↑
162 ʻAmr b. Mattai, p. 65. ↑