Sources
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Flick, Alexander Clarence
A.—PRIMARY: I.—JEWISH: 1.—Old Testament. 2.—Josephus, Antiquities, i., bk. 15, ch. 10, sec. 4-5; bk. 18, ch. 1, sec. 5; ii., bk. 2, ch. 8, sec. 2-11. 3.—Philo, Contemplative Life. Bohn, Eccl. Lib., 1855, iv., 1-21. II.—Greek: 1.—New Testament. 2.—New Testament Apocrypha. 3.—Eusebius, Church Hist., ii., ch. 17. Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, i. Several other eds. 4.—Socrates, Church Hist., i., 13; iv., 23 ff. Ib., ii. Other eds. 5.—Sozomen, Church Hist., i., 12-14; iii., 14; vi., 28-34. Ib., ii. 6.—Theodoret, Church Hist., ch. 33. Ib., iii. Bohn Lib. 7.—Evagrius, Life of St. Anthony. Bohn Lib., 1851. 8.—Palladius, Historia Lausiaca. Ed. by Butler, Texts and Studies. Camb., 1898. 9.—Concerning the Ascetic Life. Not in Eng. III.—LATIN: 1.—Sulpicius Severus, Dialogues, i.-iii. Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, 2d ser., xi., pt. 11. 2.—Athanasius, Life of Anthony. Ib., iv., 195-221. 3.—Ambrose, Concerning Virgins. Ib., x., 360. Letters, No. 63. Ib., 457. 4.—Augustine, The Work of Monks. Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, xxii., 470-516. 5.—Cassian, Institutes. Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, 2d ser., xi. Cœnobia, Ib. Conferences, Ib. 6.—Jerome, Life of St. Paul the First Hermit. Ib., vi., 299-318; Letters, No. 22, 130. Ib. 7.—Gregory the Great, Letters. Ib., xii.; Life and Miracles of St. Benedict. Ed. by Luck, Lond., 1880. 8.—Rufinus, History of Monks. Not in Eng. 9.—Cassiodorus, Dissertation on Monasticism. Not in Eng. Letters. Ed. by Hodgkin, Oxf., 1886. IV.—COLLECTIONS: 1.—Apostolic Canons. See Ch. IX. of this work. 2.—Apostolic Constitutions. Ib. 3.—Henderson, Select Histor.
Docs. of the M. A., 274-314. 4.—Univ. of Neb., Europ. Hist. Studies, ii., No. 6. 5.—Univ. of Pa., Translations and Reprints, ii., No. 7.
B.—SECONDARY: I.—SPECIAL: 1.—Allies, T. W., The Monastic Life from the Fathers of the Desert to Charlemagne. Lond., 1896. 2.—Browne, E. G. K., Monastic Legends. Lond. 3.—Butler, A., Lives of the Saints. Lond., 1833, 2 vols. Balt., 1844, 4 vols. 4.—Day, S. P., Monastic Institutions. Lond., 1865. 5.—Dill, S., Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. N. Y., 1904. 6.—Fosbroke, T. D., British Monachism. 3d ed. Lond., 1843. 7.—Fox, S., Monks and Monasticism (Eng.). Lond., 1848. 8.—Hardy, H. S., Eastern Monachism. Lond., 1864. 9.—Harnack, A., Monasticism: Its Ideals and Its History. 1886. Tr. by Gillett, N. Y. Lond., 1895. 10.—Hill, O. T., English Monasticism. Lond., 1867. 11.—Jameson, Mrs. A., Legends of the Monastic Orders. Lond., 1850. Rev. ed. Bost., 1896. 12.—Kingsley, C., The Hermits: Their Lives and Works. Lond., 1885. 13.—Lea, H. C., History of Sacerdotal Celibacy. Phil., 1884. 3d ed. N. Y., 1907. 2 vols. 14.—Lechner, D. P., Life and Times of St. Benedict. Lond. 15.—Littledale, R. F., Monachism. Encyc. Brit. 16.—Montalembert, Count de, Monks of the West. New ed. Lond., 1896. 7 vols. 17.—Northcote, J. S., Celebrated Sanctuaries of the Madonna. Lond., 1868. 18.—Ruffner, H., Fathers of the Desert. N. Y., 1850. 2 vols. 19.—Smith, I. G., Christian Monasticism (4th-9th cent.). Lond., 1892. 20.—Wishart, A. D., Short History of Monks and Monasticism. Lond., 1900. II.—GENERAL: Adams, Civ. of M. A. Adeney, ch. 13. Alzog, ii., 114-121. Butler, Ch. Hist., ch. 34-35. Brown, Stoics and Saints, ch. 5-6. Cheetham, ch. 12, sec. 3-4. Church, Begin. of M. A., 48, 58.
Clarke, Events and Epochs, ch. 3-4. Coxe, Lect. 3, sec. 3. Cunningham, West. Civ., ii., 37-40. Darras, i., 636; ii., 34, 35, 121, 387; iii., 43. Döllinger, ii., ch. 5, sec. 9; iii., ch. 4, sec. 6. Draper, Intel. Develop. of Europe. Fisher, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 175, 234. Fitzgerald, i., 215-227. Foulkes, 88, 93, 150-151, 221, 243, 349. Gibbon, ch. 37. Gieseler, ii., ch. 4, sec. 95-97. Gilmartin, i., ch. 9, 22, 45. Hase, sec. 132-136. Hurst, i., ch. 30-31. Jennings, i., ch. 6. Kurtz, i., 248-258, 503-509. Lecky, Hist. of Europ. Morals, ii., ch. 4. Mahan, bk. 4, ch. 12. Maitland, Dark Ages. Milman, i., bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 1; ii., bk. 3, ch. 6. Milner, i., cent. 4, ch. 5. Moeller, i., 355-377. Mosheim, bk. ii., cent. iv., ch. 3, § 13. Neander, ii., 262. Newman, i., 451. Putnam, Books and their Makers, i. Robertson, bk. 2, ch. 6, sec. 4. Schaff, iii., 147. Zenos, 104, 154, 171.
FOOTNOTES:
Source notes
[198:1] Jerome, Ep., 15.
[199:1] The Hindoo monks exhausted their minds in devising means of self-torture.
[199:2] Lea, Sac. Celib., 24; Laws of Manu, bk. 6., st. 1-22. See Hardy, Eastern Monasticism, Lond., 1850.
[199:3] The disciples of Pythagoras were called cenobites. Montalembert, i., 215.
[200:1] Lea, Sac. Celib., 24.
[200:2] Numb. vi., 1-21.
[200:3] Pliny, Nat. Hist., v., 15; Porphyry, De Abstinentia, iv., 11; Edersheim, ch. 3; Döllinger, Gentile and Jew, ii., 330. See p. 44, 45.
[200:4] Isa. xxii., 2; Dan. ix., 3; Zech. xiii., 4; 2 Kings i., 8; iv., 10, 39, 42. Cf. Heb. xi., 37, 38; Expositor, 1893, i., 339.
[200:5] Schaff, ii., 390.
[200:6] Lea, Sac. Celib., 24.
[200:7] Eusebius, ii., 17; Philo, Contemp. Life, bk. 1; Jewish Quart. Rev., viii., 155; Baptist Rev., Jan., 1882, p. 36 ff.; see Jewish Encyc.; Döllinger, ii., 335.
[200:8] Matt. xix., 21; Luke xviii., 22; Mark x., 21.
[200:9] Tertullian held that all the Apostles except Peter were unmarried.
[201:1] Mark x., 29, 30.
[201:2] Paul, especially 1 Cor. vii.; Lea, Sac. Celib., 25.
[201:3] Texts quoted as favourable to monasticism: Acts ii., 44; iv., 32; xv., 28, 29; 1 Cor. vii., 8; iv., 3; Matt. xix., 12, 21; xxii., 30; Rev. xiv., 4; Luke xx., 35; Mark x., 29, 30.
[201:4] Harnack, Monasticism, 10.
[201:5] Montalembert, i., bk. 1.
[202:1] Montalembert, i., 188.
[202:2] Lightfoot, The Colossian Heresy.
[202:3] Marcionites, Valentinians, Abstinents, Apotoctici, Encratites, etc.
[203:1] Cyprian, Ep., 62.
[203:2] Euseb. Eccl. Hist., vi., 42.
[204:1] Harnack, Monasticism, 65.
[204:2] 1 Tim. v., 3-14. Cf. Acts ix., 39, 41.
[204:3] Justin Martyr observed that Christians were commencing to abstain from flesh, wine, and sexual intercourse. He, with Ignatius and others, lauds celibacy as the holiest state.
[205:1] Celibacy was habitually practised by some; others devoted their lives to the poor. Many converts like Cyprian sold their possessions for the needy. Still others like Origen mutilated themselves.
[205:2] Irenæus, Against Heresy, i., 24; Epiphanius, Heresy, 23.
[206:1] Rufinus, Concerning Ascetic Life, 30; Socrates, iv., 23; Sozomen, i., 14. See Montalembert, i., 227.
[206:2] Augustine, Confessions, viii., 15.
[206:3] Harnack, Monasticism, 27.
[206:4]Ibid., 47.
[207:1] Sozomen, vi., 33; Tillemont, Mem., viii., 292.
[207:2] Severus, Dialogues, i., 8.
[207:3] Evagrius, Ch. Hist., i., 13, 21; ii., 9; vi., 22; Theodosius, Philoth., 12, 26; Nilus, Letters, ii., 114, 115; Gregory of Tours, viii., 16.