The origin and development of the moral ideas

Being an homage rendered to other persons self-regarding pride, the rule of politeness is naturally most exacting in relation to superiors. Many of its forms have, in fact, originated in humble or respectful behaviour towards rulers, masters, or elders, and, often in a modified shape, become common between equals after they have lost their original meaning.106 It has been noticed that the cruelty of despots always engenders politeness, whereas the freest nations are generally the rudest in manners.107 Politeness is further in a special degree shown by men to women, not only among ourselves, but even among many savages;108 in this case courtesy is connected with courtship. Strangers or remote acquaintances, also, have particular claims to be treated with civility, whereas politeness is of little moment in the intercourse of friends; it imitates kindness, and is resorted to where the genuine feeling is wanting.109 And in the capacity of guest, the stranger is often for the time being flattered with exquisite marks of honour, for reasons which have been stated in another connection.