On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient...

[41] Doctrine of Reason.

[42] Lambert, "New Organon," vol. i. § 572.

[43] Compare § 36. of this treatise.

[44] "Ueber eine Entdeckung, nach der alle Kritik der reinen Vernunft entbehrlich gemacht werden soll."

[45] Kiesewetter, "Logik," vol. i. p. 16.

[46]Ibid. p. 60.

[47] G. E. Schultze, "Logik," § 19, Anmerkung 1, und § 63.

[48] Sal. Maimon, "Logik," p. 20, 21.

[49]Ibid. "Vorrede," p. xxiv.

[50] Jacobi, "Briefe über die Lehre des Spinoza," Beilage 7, p. 414.

[51] "Aphorismen zur Einleitung in die Naturphilosophie."

[52] Plattner, "Aphorismen," § 828.

[53] Jakob, "Logik und Metaphysik," p. 38 (1794).

[54] Aristotle, "Metaph." iii. 6. "They seek a reason for that which has no reason; for the principle of demonstration is not demonstration." [Tr.'s add.] Compare with this citation "Analyt. post." i. 2.

[55] Vol. i. p. 12, and seqq. of the 1st edition; p. 9 of the 3rd edition.

[56] Compare Kant, "Krit. d. r. Vern." Elementarlehre. Abschnitt ii. Schlüsse a. d. Begr. b and c. 1st edition, pp. 33 and 34; 5th edition, p. 49. (Transl. M. Müller, p. 29, b and c.)

[57] Kant, "Krit. d. r. V." Kritik des Vierten Paralogismus der transcendentalen Psychologie, p. 369, 1st edition. (Engl. Transl. by M. Müller, p 320.)

[58]Ibid. 1st edition, pp. 374-375. Note. (Engl. Transl. p. 325. Note.)

[59] Kant, "Krit. d. r. V." "Betrachtung über die Summe," &c., p. 383 of 1st edition. (Engl. Transl. p. 331.)

[60] "Die Welt a. W. u. V." vol. ii. chap. 4, especially p. 42 and seq. of the 2nd edition; p. 46 seq. of the 3rd edition.

[61] Göthe, "Der Zauberlehrling."

[62] The translation of which follows the Fourfold Root in the present volume.

[63] Here I refer my readers to "Die Welt als Wills und Vorstellung," vol. ii. chap. 4, p. 41 of the 2nd edition, and p. 45 of the 3rd edition.

[64] "Die Welt a. W. u. V." vol. i. pp. 517-521 of the 2nd edition, and pp. 544-549 of the 3rd edition.

[65] "Die Welt a. W. u. V." vol. i. p. 550 of 2nd, and 580 of 3rd edition.

[66] See "Die Welt a. W. u. V." vol. i. § 26, p. 153 of the 2nd, and p. 160 of the 3rd edition.

[67] See "Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik," p. 30-34.

[68] The word "motivation," though it may appear objectionable to the English reader, seemed unavoidable here, as being Schopenhauer's own term, for which there is no adequate equivalent in general use in our language. [Translator's note.]

[69] Here used in the absolute sense of liberum arbitrium indifferentiæ. [Tr.]

[70] "Whatever conception one may form of freedom of the will, for metaphysical purposes, its phenomena, human actions, are nevertheless determined by universal laws of Nature, just as well as every other occurrence in Nature." "Ideen zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte." Anfang. I. Kant. "All the acts of a man, so far as they are phenomena, are determined from his empirical character and from the other concomitant causes, according to the order of Nature; and if we could investigate all the manifestations of his will to the very bottom, there would be not a single human action which we could not predict with certainty and recognize from its preceding conditions as necessary. There is no freedom therefore with reference to this empirical character, and yet it is only with reference to it that we can consider man, when we are merely observing, and, as is the case in anthropology, trying to investigate the motive causes of his actions physiologically."—"Kritik. d. r. Vern." p. 549 of the 1st edition, and p. 577 of the 5th edition. (Engl. Transl. by M. Müller, p. 474.)

"It may therefore be taken for granted, that if we could see far enough into a man's mode of thinking, as it manifests itself in his inner, as well as outer actions, for us to know every, even the faintest motive, and in like manner all the other causes which act upon these, it would be possible to calculate his conduct in future with the same certainty as an eclipse of the sun or moon."—"Kritik der praktischen Vernunft" ed. Rosenkranz, p. 230 and p. 177 of the 4th edition.

[71] Published in the same volume with the Prize-Essay on "Free Will." See "Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik."

[72] Anno 1813, pp. 53-55.

[73] For further details see my "Will in Nature," p. 19 of the 1st edition, and p. 14 of the 3rd. (P. 230 et seqq. of the translation of the "Will in Nature," which follows the "Fourfold Root" in the present volume.)

[74] Hesiod, ἔργα, 293.

[75] Macchiavelli, "Il principe," cap. 22.

[76] Schelling, "Philosophische Schriften" (1809), vol. i. pp. 237 and 238.

[77] Fries, "Kritik der Vernunft." vol. i. pp. 52-56 and p. 290 of the 1st edition.

[78] Diderot, in his "Lettre sur les Aveugles," gives a detailed account of Saunderson.

[79] See "Die Welt a. W. u. V." vol. ii. chap. 4.