Byways in British Archaeology

263 Open-air courts, near megaliths, 34, 63, 64, 70, 136; near barrows and tumuli, 34, 64, 70; in Wales, 64; and churches, 150 Open-field system, the, 338 Organs, Mediaeval, 447 Orientation, of graves, 80, 83-4, 205, 243-67, 490; meaning of word, 205, 325; of churches, 205-42, 489; East and West, 205, 207, 208, 211, 219, 337; North and South, 206, 207, 208; of Freemasons’ lodges, 209; origin of idea, 216-24; allusions in Bible, 217-20; Egyptian, 219, 221; symbolism, 223-4; theories concerning, 224-37; of long barrows, 252; of earthworks, 258-9; by natural features, 325; by the sun, 325; of skeletons, 483 Origen, and earth’s centre, 335 Orlygüs, 35 Ornaments in graves, 302-10 Ossian, poems of, quoted, 283, 401, 402, 419 Ossuaries, 270 Ostiarius (= doorkeeper), 149, 154 Ostrich eggs, in churches, 202 Othona (Essex), 23 Ottery St Mary (Devon), 118 Over Worton (Oxford), 75 Ovid, on grave-gifts, 313 Owen, Rev. E., on circular churchyards, 98 Owston (Lincs.), 59 Ox-bells, 475 “Ox-bows,” use of, 461, 462 Oxen, in agriculture, 423; blessing of, at Carnac, 446; as beast of labour, 452-75, 491; in various countries, 452; breeds, 453, 455; early use in ploughing, 455-60; Domesday Book, 455,

456; terms referring to, 455, 456; Bartholomew Anglicus on, 456; formerly yoked with horses at plough, 458; number in a team, 458-61; yokes, 461-2; value of services, 465, 466, 467, 471; limitation in use of word, 465; value of flesh, 465-6; how fed in winter, 466; labour value, 466, 467; trotting, 467; comparison with horses, 467, 470-1; discussion on shoeing, 468-74; why displaced by the horse, 474-5; ancestral forms, 475-81; folk-lore, 475, 481-6; sacrifice of, 481-2, 483, 484; white and black, 483, 485; sacrificed at graves, 483; as food, 483; drawing carriages, 484 n.; symbolism of, 485; on tavern signs, 485; pet names, 486 Oxford, port-moot, 140; Movement, 206; St Aldate’s church, 232 Oxfordshire, oxen in, 453 Oxgang (= bovata), 456 Ox-herd, in literature, 456; duties of, 456 “Ox-kews,” or “cues,” 469, 472, 473 Ox-shoes, 428, 468, 470, 472, 473, 475 Ox-skull, found by Carthaginians, 442; in ornament, 451; prehistoric, 475, 476 Oystermouth (Glamorgan), church tower, 112; burial on North side, 348 Paddington (London), 206 Paddlesworth, near Lyminge (Kent), 40 Paddlesworth, near Snodland (Kent), 40, 339 Paganism, hidden forces of, 88, 312 Pagan sites, churches on, 1-100, 488

Palaeolithic Age, references to the, 305, 308, 414, 416, 437, 439; “floor,” 308; oxen, 477 Palaeotherium, 409 Palestine, 217, 472 Palgrave, Sir F., on persistence of custom, 470 Palmerston, Lord, funeral of, 310 Palm Sunday, singing on, 155; sports, 194, 195; Bulgarian feast, 318; yew displayed, 380, 381, 382, 402, 491; fairs, 404 Pamirs, burial customs in the, 263, 318 Pangdean (Sussex), 455 Pantheon, conversion into a church, 30 Paradise Lost, quoted, 335 Parchments, inscribed, buried with the dead, 312 Parey Ambrose (= Paré Ambroise), cited, 197 Paris, dancing in churches of, 185; churches of, 210; laws regarding horseflesh, 438; acoustic jars, 447 Parish boundaries, 34, 69; registers, 50, 359, 372, 373; vestry, 141-3; armour, 158 Park cattle, 477, 478, 479 Parker, J. H., on Westminster Abbey, 232; deflected chancels, 237 Parsonage-houses, 175, 177 Parthenon, columns of the, 239 Parvise, erroneous use of word, 155, 167 Pasque eggs, 502 Passion plays, 180 Patagonia, burial custom, 432 Pateley Bridge (Yorks.), 258 Patrick, Bishop of the Hebrides, 35 Patron saints, of churches, 129, 191, 224-6 “Paul’s Walk” (St Paul’s Cathedral), 139 Payne, Mr G., discoveries at Darenth, 428

Pearson, Prof., on burial custom, 318 Pebbles, in graves, 286, 288, 299 Peckham (London), 206 Pele, or peel towers, 107 Pembridge (Hereford), 123 Pembrokeshire, holy wells, 94-5; churches, 113; squints, 151 Pennant Melangel (Montgomery), 199 Pennant, T., his Tour in Scotland, cited, 49, 50; Welsh burial custom, 331; Fortingal yew, 376 Pennington, Canon A. R., on burial superstition, 351 Penny, Charon’s, 296 Penrith (Cumberland), 50, 231 Penwortham (Lancs.), 56, 57 Penzance (Cornwall), 37 Pepys, Samuel, quoted, 400 n. Pérone, or Péronne (Picardy), 378 Persians, white horses of, 433; horse sacrifices, 434 Persistence, of architectural types, 111, 117, 120, 122; of custom, 203, 204, 259, 313, 445-6 Peruvians, burial customs, 247 Pessinus (Galatia), 198 Pet names, of oxen, 486 Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, on Addington megaliths, 46 Pews, in churches, 173, 188 Pewsey (Wilts.), feather preserved in church, 201; oxen, 453, 473 Philip II, of Macedon, 434 Phillimore, Sir R., his Ecclesiastical Law, cited, 213; use of coffins, 271 Philology, its aid in archaeology, 145, 270 Piddinghoe (Sussex), 124, 125 Piercebridge (Durham), 464 “Pierres de foudre” (= stone celts), 197 “Pierres de

tonnerre” (= stone celts), 197 Piers the Plowman (see Vision of William) Piette, M. É., excavations by, 414 Pilgrims’ Way, 131; churches near, 338-9; follows the Southern slope, 338; yews, 374, 375 Pillory, the, 167 Pine trees, on barrows, 401 Pins, in graves, 295, 310 Pirton (Herts.), church, 41; Toot Hill, 60, 64, 70 Pisa (Italy), 216 Pit-burial, 261, 271 Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A. L., on Church Barrow, 30; his work in Cranborne Chase, 105; Saxon burials, 250; “dug-out” coffins, 275; objects found in barrows, 282; Winkelbury Hill barrow, 285, 406 n.; broken pottery in graves, 288, 293; charcoal in graves, 290; coins in graves, 296; fossils found at Rotherly and Woodcuts, 302; burning corn on graves, 318; ears of corn in grave, 318; primitive bows, 388; yews in Cranborne Chase, 392; horseshoes discovered by, 424, 425; hippo-sandals, 428; ox-shoe, 468, 469, 470 Place-names, and early Christian settlements, 31, 32, 33, 147; and the cardinal points, 339-40; and the yew, 403 Plays, in churches, 180-3; in churchyards, 181, 182, 183; evolution of, 181 Pleurs (France), 248 Pliny, his Natural History, cited, 286; objects placed in tombs, 294, 310; mirrors, 310; yew poison, 362, 363; burial of

horse, 432; shoeing camels, 470; slaughter of oxen, 483 Ploughing, Domesday terms relating to, 456; by horses and oxen, 458; composition of team, 458-61 Ploughs, early, 463, 464, 497; specimen at Lewes Castle, 463; modern, 475 Plumpton (Sussex), position of church, 101; sycamore in churchyard, 384 Pluto, and black oxen, 483 Point Croix (Brittany), 202 Poitiers (France), 231, 285, 389 Poland, European bison in, 475, 477 Pole Star, 325 Pollard, Mr A. W., on miracle plays, 183 Ponies, Highland, 413 Pontypridd (Wales), 258 Poppaea, wife of Nero, 423 Porches, church, baptisms and weddings in, 143; business, 143, 155-6; schools, 152-5; fireplaces in, 154; chambers, 155; stirrup stones at, 157; as stables, 157; armour, 157, 159, 160 Porchester (Hants.), 13 Porosphaera globularis (= fossil sponge), 305, 306, 307 Portree (I. of Skye), 352 Post Office Guide, cited, 339 “Pot-boilers” (= calcined flints), 288, 292 Pott, A. F., and the Aryans, 333 Pottery in graves, 287, 288-90, 292 Powderham (Devon), 118 Prayer, towards the East, 212, 214, 217, 218; towards the sun, 212, 218; towards Jerusalem, 218 Prayer Book, first, of Edward I, cited, 156; rubric of, 315, 316 Preaching crosses, 353

Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, 79 Prestbury (Glos.), 165 Preuilly-sur-Claise (Touraine), 236 Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide, quoted, 187 Priests, attached to holy wells, 94; as notaries, 168; burial of, 311; mares used by, for riding, 436, 457 Priest’s chamber, in church porches, 160 Proceedings of Cambridge Antiquarian Society, quoted, 424 Prothero, Mr R. E., on size of ox-team, 459-60 Provence, birthplace of Durandus, 210; holm-oak on graves, 401 Proverbs, quoted, 360, 483 Pryce, Mr T. Davies, on castle-mounds, 55 Psalter of Eadwine, 464 Pugin, A. W. N., on deflected chancels, 236-7 Punish (Kent), 40 Puttenham (Surrey), 339 Puxton (Somerset), 141 Pyecombe (Sussex), position of church, 101; oxen, 455 Pyramids, orientation of, 221 n. Pytchley (Northants.), 80, 83, 90 Quakers’ Cemetery, Penzance, 37; in Edinburgh, 351 Quarter-ales, 178 Quartz, pieces of, in graves, 299, 309 Quinsext Synod, 186 Radnorshire, sports in churchyards, 197 Rainham (Essex), 168, 169 Ralph de Nevil, letters of, 457 Ramage, Mr C. T., on Fortingal yew, 376 Ramsay, Sir A. C., on “greywethers,” 38 Ramsay, Prof. W. M., on image of Diana, 198 Ramsgate (Kent), 301 Rankin, Mr J., on Branxton churchyard, 355

Raphoe (Donegal), 119 “Raths” (= mounds), 66, 71 Rawlinson, Canon G., on Scythians, 288 n.; on capture of wild horses, 414 Read, Dr C. H., on urn-burials, 250 n. Reader, Mr F. W., on discoveries at Bramber, 78; place-name, Canewdon, 201 Reading, morris dances at, 184; Anglo-Saxon graves, 431 Reculver (Kent), 4, 20 Redbourn (Lincs.), 59 Red Indians, and horse sacrifice, 436 Reformation, the, 144, 174, 197, 238, 317, 489 Regulbium (= Reculver), 20 Reims, or Rheims, 231, 337 Repton (Derby), crypt, 148; armour in church porch, 159 Resurrection, the, influence of doctrine, 263, 318; and teeth superstition, 322; symbolized by yew, 398 Reusens, E. H. J., on orientation, 224 Reversion of custom, 275, 277, 278-9 Reymerstone (Norfolk), 347 Rhaetia, horse-head superstition, 440 Rham, W. L., on the ox-team, 460; ox-yoke, 462; on ancient cultivation, 497 Rhŷs, Sir J., on “cronks,” 71; holy springs in Wales, 94, 332; Irish magicians, 401 Ribchester (Lancs.), 23 Riccal (Yorks.), 173 Ridgeway, Prof. W., on early horses, 416-17, 420; Kalmucks, 419; Herodotus, 419; Irish epics, 419; shoeing of horses, 424 Rievaulx Abbey (Yorks.), orientation, 208; cartulary, 459 Right and left, determination of

position by, 326-8 Ringmer (Sussex), 455, 462 Rings, in graves, 310 Rings, of trees, 364, 365, 366-9 Ripon cathedral, 138, 216 n. Ritual of Brixen, 317 Rivenhall (Essex), 11 Robert de Brunne, cited, 319 Robin Hood, guilds, 160; and Maid Marian, 441, 442 n. Robin Hood’s Cave (Derby), 412 Rochdale (Lancs.), 104 Rochester (Kent), 187 Rock, Dr Daniel, on Saxon churches, 211; orientation of churches, 211, 213; churches in Rome, 214; “leaning-head theory,” 236; use of coffins, 277; combs in ritual, 311; St Cuthbert’s tomb, 312; yews, 398; Saxon churches, 404 Rock-basins, 36 Rock-carvings, 421, 481 Rock-shelters, 411 Rodmell (Sussex), horse-chestnut in churchyard, 384; mulberries, 394; oxen, 455; ancient plough, 463; ox-yoke, 462 Rogate (Hants.), 91 Rogers, J. E. Thorold, on use of church as garrison, 118, 496; size of churches, 134; cost of keeping horses and oxen, 466; shoeing oxen, 470, 471 Roman Catholic churches, orientation of, 207, 208 Romanesque churches, 216 Romano-British churches, 3, 9, 150, 495; shrines at Silchester, 24; graves, 288, 296, 357; ears of corn in graves, 318; villages, 403; horseshoes, 424, 428; jars, 448; ox-shoes, 468 Roman villas, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95, 428;

cemeteries, 7, 248; pavements, 7, 8, 9; altar, 7; camps, 11, 12, 13, 87, 97; miscellaneous remains, 69, 81, 83, 468; schools, 154; coffins, 271-3, 274; coins, 273; grave-gifts, 283, 294, 296; funeral customs, 294, 318, 319, 323, 383, 401; augurs, 326, 327; urn, 399; horseshoes, 423, 424, 425; chariot-races, 440 n.; acoustic jars, 447; theatres, 447; ploughs, 464; oxen, 478-9, 480, 481 Rome, orientation of churches, 207, 212, 214, 215, 216; liturgical custom, 215, 312, 316, 337; oxen near, 468; oracles, 482 Romford (Essex), 454 Rood-screens, removal of, 233, 238 Roos (Yorks.), 107, 108 Roseneath (Dumbarton), 372 Rotherly (Wilts.), 302, 403 Rottingdean (Sussex), churchyard, 90; foxes’ heads on door, 443 Rouen, 237 Round, Dr J. H., on castle-mounds, 55, 57, 59; Domesday Book, 375 n.; ox-team, 458, 458 n. Round towers, of Ireland, 118-22; description, 118-20; stages of development, 119, 120; theories concerning, 120-2 Roundway Down (Wilts.), 402 n. Royal Arms, in churches, 144 Royston (Yorks.), 131 Royston, Rev. P., on Rudstone menhir, 43 Rubrics, of Missal, 213; of Prayer Book, 316 Rudstone (Yorks.), menhir, 43, 44; meaning of name, 43; barrow, 417 Rugby (Warwick), 111 Ruined

churches, 13, 31, 38, 42 Runic inscription, on sundial, 162; and archery, 387 Rural Rides, Cobbett’s, quoted, 91, 133 Rushmere (Suffolk), 124 Rushmore (Wilts.), 468, 469, 470 Russia, white horses of, 433; acoustic jars, 447 Rylston (Yorks.), 278 Ryton (Durham), 76 Saben, Rev. P., on Alphamstone discoveries, 84 Sacellum, 12, 495 Sacred trees, 28, 400; springs, 92-7; heads, 440, 442, 443 Sacrificial animals, 321 Saddlescombe (Sussex), 455 Saeters (= settlements), 340 Sagarthians, horses of the, 414 Sage, planted on graves, 400 St Agnes’ Well (Somerset), 95 St Alban, martyr, 4 St Albans cathedral, Roman remains, 4; watching loft, 126 St Alban’s Head (Dorset), 127, 128 St Aldhelm’s Chapel (Dorset), 127, 128 St Aldhelm’s Well (Somerset), 95 St Anne’s Hill (Sussex), 15 St Audrey’s Fair, 192 St Augustine (= Aurelius Augustinus), 328 St Augustine, or Austin, his mission, 26; holy well, 96 St Basil, on turning to the East, 212; building towards the East, 224 St Benoît (Paris), church of, 210 St Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne), 201 St Beuno, sacrifice of oxen to, 482 St Boniface, letter to, 437; forbids sacrifices of oxen, 482 St Budeaux (Devon), 118 St Catherine’s (Westminster), 223

St Chad’s Well (Lichfield), 95 St Christopher’s “ribbe bone,” 200 St Chrysostom, 262 St Clement’s Well (London), 96 St Columb Major (Cornwall), 256 St Columba, 119 St Cornély, “Pardon” of, 482 St Cubert (Cornwall), 37 St Cuthbert, 262; burial of, 311, 312 “St Cuthbert’s beads” (= portions of fossil encrinites), 308 St Decumen’s Well (Somerset), 95 St Denis (France), 431 St Dennis (Cornwall), 15 St Dominic of Ossory, 395 St Edmund the King (London), church, 207 St Elian’s Well (Denbigh), 94 St Eloi, offerings to, 301 Ste Marie du Castel (Guernsey), 34 St Ethelwold, Bishop, 211 St Felix, 242 St Florence, Vale of, 113 St Frideswide, and the ox, 485 St Fursey, or Furseus, founds church at Burghcastle, 11 St Gall, burial of, 434-5; monks of, 437-8 St George’s Cathedral (London), 207 “St George’s Wardens,” 175 St Giles-in-the-Fields (London), church, 336 St Giles’s Well (London), 96 St Hilda’s Day, 234 St Isidore, 210 St Jerome, on baptism, 220 St John, 226 St John Lateran (Rome), church, 214 St John’s Point (co. Down), 86 St Joseph’s Chapel (Glastonbury), 23 St Lawrence, churches dedicated to, 15, 16 St Leonard, 485 St Luke, ox symbolical of, 485 St Mabyn church (Cornwall), 42, 48 St

Margaret’s church (Westminster), 223 St Mark’s Eve, 29 St Martha’s Hill (Surrey), church, 131-2; Good Friday sports, 195; earth-rings, 195; tombstones, 269 St Martin, 226 St Martin’s church (Canterbury), 20 St Martin’s Hill, or Martinsell (Wilts.), 194, 381-2 St Mary-le-Bow (London), 138 St Mary Major (Exeter), 9, 206 St Mary the Virgin, 226 St Michael, churches dedicated to, 129 St Michael’s (St Albans), 495 St Michael’s Mount (Cornwall), 129, 130 St Michel, 129 St Molaise, priory of, 119 St Monacella, 199 St Nicholas, 226 St Ouen (Rouen), deflected choir, 237; Fergusson’s opinion concerning, 237 St Pancras church (Canterbury), 22 St Patrick, and holy wells, 93 St Paulinus, missionary, 9, 32 St Paulinus, of Nola, 241 St Paul’s, Covent Garden (London), 206 St Paul’s Cathedral (London), probable pagan site, 83, 444; folk-moots held in, 136, 148; legal business transacted in, 139, 173; chest, 169; markets, 173; and Wren, 242; ceremony connected with stag’s head, 443; discoveries at, 444 St Paul’s Cray (Kent), church, 4; flints found at, 292 St Peter, 226 St Peter’s (Rome), altar, 207; steps of, 212; orientation, 214 St Peter’s Chapel, Bradwell (Essex), 23 St Peter’s Day, 234 St

Peter’s, Vatican, 232 St Savin, 236 St Saviour’s Cathedral (Southwark), 8, 231 St Sepulchre’s church (London), 154 St Stephen’s, Coleman Street (London), 336 St Swithin’s (Lincoln), 7 St Sylvester, 485 St Tecla’s Spring (Denbigh), 94 St Teilo’s Well (Pembroke), 94 St Thomas of Canterbury, 131 St Ulrick’s Day, 174 St Weonards (Hereford), 56, 57 St Willibrord, 185 “Saint’s Day theory,” 224-7, 233, 235, 242 Saints’ Days, fairs held on, 191 Salisbury, gaol, 139; horse-burial at, 432 Salt, on graves, 313 Saltfleetby All Saints (Lincs.), 342 Salton (Yorks.), 196 Samoa, burial customs, 247 Samoyads, heathenism among modern, 29 Sanctuary, churches and churchyards, 170, 354; burial out of, 353, 359 Sanctus bell, 151 Sanderstead (Surrey), 372 Sandwich (Kent), mayor chosen in church, 143; St Clement’s church, 448 Sandwich Kirk (Shetland Isles), 31 San Paolo fuori le Mura (Rome), 214 Sta Maria Maggiore (Rome), 214 Sarsens, 38, 40, 41, 50 Sarum Manual, 315 Saxon churches, 9, 10, 13, 62, 108-11, 117, 211; modes of punishment, 68; barrow at Taplow, 81-2; church towers in Lincolnshire, 108-11; use of church porch, 155; burials, 247, 250, 260, 261, 277, 283, 285, 308, 314, 431; crystal balls in

graves, 299; amber beads in tumuli, 300-1, 307; necklaces, 301, 307; combs, 311; sacrificial animals, 321; superstition respecting enclosed spaces, 354; archery, 387, 388; horses, 422; ploughs, 464 Saxony, open-air tribunals in, 68; arms of, 433; horse-head superstition, 440 Scandinavia, folk-lore, 246; ancient burials, 262; chariot-burials, 276, 429, 431; amber axes, 299; cattle, 479; rock-carvings, 421, 481 Scarborough (Yorks.), 239 Scartho (Lincs.), 108, 109-10 Scheffer, Jean, his travels in Lapland, 29 Schools, in churches and church porches, 152-5 Schrader, Dr O., Roman methods of divination, 326; on the yew, 363; the Kalmucks, 419; Celtic chariots, 421-2 Scissors in coffins, 212 Sclavonic folk-lore, 397; horse sacrifices, 434, 441 Scolds’ bridles, 163 Scot-ales, 179 Scotland, churches on pagan sites, 48, 94; holy wells, 94; sports in churchyards, 196; tombstones, 314; cardinal points, 327; burial of suicides, 358; yew superstition, 399; superstition respecting fox’s skull, 443; paganism, 446 Scott, Dr D. H., his experiment on the elm, 366-7 Scott, Mr G. G., on churches of Rome, 214 Scott, Col. S., discovery by, 444 Scott, Sir W., quoted, 403, 486 Scottish Presbyterian

Church, 445 Scottshall (Kent), 378 Scrapers, flint, 294, 305 Scythians, ceremonial purification, 287-8, 289; chariot-burials, 429 Seaford (Sussex), 330 Seale (Surrey), 80 n. -Seats, -sets, in place-names, 340 Sea-urchins (see Echinoderms) Secondary burials, 263 Secular uses of the church fabric, 101-204 Seebohm, Prof. F., on continuity of village sites, 7; moated mounds, 60; Domesday ox-team, 458 Selborne (Hants.), churchyard, 343, 348, 354; yew, 378 Selby Abbey (Yorks.), 154 Seneschaucie, cited, 456, 471 Sequoia, annual rings, 367 Serpulae, fossil, 305 Servia, burial of suicides in, 358 Seville (Spain), 185 Seyffert, O., and Greek augurs, 327 Seymour Place (London), 206 Shalford (Surrey), 165, 166 Sharpe, Mr Montagu, on Romano-British sites, 495 Shawford Downs (Hants.), 45 Shells, found at Little Coates, 72; in cave deposits, 308; in graves, 308, 309; in stone coffins, 309 “Shepherd’s Crown,” or “Helmet” (= fossil echinoderm), 303 Sheriffs’ Courts, 137 Shetland Isles, 31 Shetland pony, 420 Shore, Mr T. W., on mounds near churches, 74; Tooting church, 89; holy wells of Hampshire, 96; orientation of Hampshire churches, 222; Winter- in place-names, 341 Shropshire, Easter feasts in,

180; teeth superstition, 322; harvest customs, 436 Sibertswold (Kent), 277 Sidbury Hill (Wilts.), 255 Silbury Hill (Wilts.), 67, 194 Silchester, 13, 23, 30; basilica, 23-4, 212; shrines, 24; Roman horse-races, 422; ash-pits, 468 Silkworms, in Sussex, 394 Sinister, meaning of, 326 Sir Howel-y-Furyall, armour of, 285 Sirius, temples oriented to, 221 Site-occupancy, continuous or repeated, 3, 10, 23, 42, 80, 86-7, 95 Skeat, Prof. W. W., on place-names, 31, 32, 33; “belfry,” 127; “church,” 145; Malay terms for points of compass, 327; “yew,” 363 Skelton (Yorks.), 162 “Skew chancels,” 230, 232 Skinner’s Well (London), 96 “Skopia” (= watch-tower), 70 Skulls, superstitions regarding, 440-1, 442, 444, 449-51; placed under buildings, 444-5 Slaves, manumission of, 168 Smith, Dr Angus, on white pebbles in graves, 299 Smith, Mr C. Roach, on Kentish churches, 4, 9; crystal balls in graves, 300; hippo-sandals, 428 Smith, James, of Deanston, on agriculture, 468 Smith, Mr Reginald A., on term “Saxon,” 19; castle-mounds, 55; Earl’s Barton, 62; Taplow, 82; Saxon burials, 247 Smith, Mr Worthington G., his discoveries on Dunstable Downs, 302, 303; on fossils in barrows, 303 “Social theory of

Christianity,” 133, 203 Solon, cited, 247 Solstices, orientation at the, 211, 227, 229, 256, 259 Solutré (France), 145 Solutrean caves, 411, 416 Somer-, Summer-, in place-names, 340 Somerset, holy wells, 95; landmark towers, 130; church-ales, 180; teeth superstition, 322 Sompting (Sussex), 356 n., 455 South, folk-lore regarding the, 328-32; favoured in churchyards, 328, 342, 343, 345, 348, 351; symbolism of, 328-30; in place-names, 339, 340 South Africa, 316 Southey, Robert, quoted, 335, 432 Southfleet (Kent), 4 Southgate (Middlesex), 340 n. South Harting (Sussex), discovery of celts, 80; parish stocks, 165 South Hayling (Hants.), 377 South Moreton (Berks.), 15 South Tawton (Devon), 175 Southwark (London), 8, 231, 352 Southwell cathedral, 9 Spain, Royal Arms in churches, 144; councils held in churches, 148; eggs suspended in churches, 202; burial custom, 318; horses imported from, 422; caves of, 497 Spearhead, of yew, 389 “Specula” (= toot-hill), 61, 70 Speeton (Yorks.), 78 Spencer, B. (and F. J. Gillen), on Australian custom, 321-2 Spencer, Herbert, on ancestor-worship, 280; on development of society, 493 Spica, orientation to, 221 Spindle-whorls, 302, 307 Spires, entasis in, 240

Splint bones of horse, 411 Sports, held in churches, 184, 185-6; in churchyards, 186, 196-7, 352; in earthworks, 194-5 Springthorpe (Lincs.), 342 Squarey, Mr E. P., on Downton Moot, 64 Squints, in churches, 148-9, 151, 329 Stag’s head ceremony, 443 Stamford Fair, 457 Standish (Glos.), 14 Stanley, Dean, on St Martin’s, Canterbury, 20 Stanley, Thomas, on the yew, 382 Stanton Drew (Somerset), 46, 47 Starnberger See (Bavaria), 418 n. Stars, temples oriented to, 221 Statius, on the yew, 399 Statue-menhirs, 268 Statutes, of Winchester, 192; respecting burial in woollen, 278-9; “Ne rector prosternat,” 383; concerning archery, 389-90; against eating horseflesh, 438-9 Stebbing, Miss A., on Alphamstone urns, 84, 85 Steers (= young oxen), 465 Stennis (Orkney Isles), 99 Stevens, Dr J., on Taplow barrow, 82 Steyning (Sussex), 455 Stillingfleet, Rev. E. W., and barrows of Arras, 430 Stirks, or steers (= oxen), 465 Stirrup-stones, 157 Stocks, kept near churches, 164-7; antiquity of, 167 Stoke-by-Nayland (Essex), 11 Stoke D’Abernon (Surrey), dial, 162; fireplace, 188 Stoke Newington (London), 308 Stokes, Miss M., on round towers, 120, 121 Stoke St Milborough (Salop), holy well, 95; games in

churchyard, 197 Stone-circles, near churches, 28, 29 n., 34, 66, 86; connected with heathen worship, 24, 45, 66, 98; and open-air courts, 34, 136; Stanton Drew, 46, 47; Duloe, 48; churches on sites of, 45-9; as dials, 253-8; number of pillars in, 256;