The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic An...

1251. Cp. lines 318 and 333.

1252. Henzen, 144. An ‘agna’ is the only other animal sacrifice we know of to Janus (Roscher, in Lex. 42).

1253. Roscher, in Lex. s. v. Ianus, 29 foll. (cp. for much interesting kindred matter, De-Marchi, Il Culto privato, p. 20 foll.). Roscher’s attempt to find an analogy between the Forum and the house is interesting, but unluckily the positions ‘ad Forum’ of the ‘Ianus geminus’ and the ‘aedes Vestae’ do not exactly answer to those of the door and hearth of a Roman house.

1254. Sat. i. 9. 2; Procopius, B. G. 1. 25, who says that ‘Janus belonged to the gods whom the Romans in their tongue called Penates,’ seems to be alluding to the same connexion of this god and the house.

1255. We owe this explanation of Janus chiefly to Roscher’s article, and Roscher himself owed it to the fact that his study of Janus for the article was a second and not a first attempt. In Hermes der Windgott (Leipzig, 1878) he had arrived at a very different and a far less rational conclusion. The influence of Mannhardt and the folk-lorists set him on the right track.

1256. Nigidius Figulus in Macrob. i. 9. 8.

1257. See Roscher, Lex. 44.

1258. Macrob. 1. 9. 9; Lydus, de Mensibus, 4. 6 (who quotes Lutatius).

1259. Schwegler, R. G. i. 218 foll.; Preller, 1. 168 foll. The etymology is weak; the god and goddess have nothing common in cult or myth; it is not certain that Diana was originally the moon; and the great Italian deities are not coupled together in this way.

1260. ii. 125 foll. Cf. Müller’s Etrusker (ed. Deecke), ii. 58 foll. Müller, with his usual good sense, concluded from the evidence that the Latin Janus was a god of gates; but he thought that an Etruscan deity of the vault or arch of heaven had been amalgamated with him. This is not impossible, if there was really such an Etruscan god; and Deecke finds him in Ani, who in Etruscan theology seems to have had his seat in the northern part of the heaven (Mart. Capell. 1. 45) where Janus was also represented in the templum of Piacenza (Lex. s. v. Janus, p. 28). But this must remain a doubtful point, even though Lydus (4. 2) tells us that Varro said that the god παρὰ θούσκοις οὐρανὸν λέγεσθαι.

1261. Nissen, Templum, p. 228.

1262. Macrob. 1. 9. 16.

1263. p. 93 foll.; Caes. B. G. 6. 18.

1264. M. Mowat thought that this was Janus naturalized in Gaul; but with Prof. Rhys (p. 81 note) I cannot but think this unlikely.

1265. See Corpus Poeticum Boreale, ii. 465.

1266. Roscher, in Lex. 18; Rhys, 1. c. 88.

1267. Roscher, Lex. 17; Jordan, Topogr. 1. 2. 351.

1268. Cic. De Nat. Deorum, 2. 27. 67 ‘Transitiones perviae iani, foresque in liminibus profanarum aedium ianuae nominantur.’ Cp. Macrob. 1. 9. 7.

1269. On the whole question see Jordan, Topogr. 1. 2. 215 foll. Ovid (Fasti, 1.257) asks the god ‘Cum tot sint iani, cur stas sacratus in uno?‘

1270. From Falerii came another janus, with a four-headed simulacrum, which was set up in the Forum transitorium (Macr. 1. 9. 13; Jordan, Top. 1. 2. 348).

1271. Preller made an attempt, which Roscher approves, to identify Portunus with Janus, Portunus being, according to Varro, ‘Deus portuum portarumque praeses’ (Interpr. Veron. Aen. v. 241). But see on Aug. 17.

1272. The nearest approach to Janus is the Hermes θυραῖος or στροφαῖος (single head only?) and Hermes with two, three, or four heads at the meeting-points of streets. These are points which suggested to Roscher in his older work an elaborate comparison of Hermes and Janus (p. 119 foll.).

1273. See Marq 25, 26 and notes.

1274. Cic. N. D. 2. 27; Preller, ii. 172.

1275. For the evidence of this position of Janus in the cults of the house see Roscher, Lex. 32; it is indirect, but sufficiently convincing.

1276. See my article ‘Vestales’ in Dict. of Antiquities, ed. 2.

1277. Marq. 321 foll. Besides the sacrifice in the Regia on Jan. 9, the Rex and his wife, the Regina sacrorum, sacrificed to Juno in the Regia on the Kalends of every month, and apparently also to Janus (Junonius) to whom there were twelve altars (in the Regia?) one for each month. Macr. 1. 9. 16 and 1. 15. 19.

1278. For the father as the natural defender of the family, see Westermarck, Hist. of Human Marriage, ch. 3.

1279. Festus, 185 ‘Maximus videtur Rex, dein Dialis, post hunc Martialis, quarto loco Quirinalis, quinto pontifex maximus.’ For the corresponding place of Janus, Liv. 8. 9. 6; Cato, R. R. 134; Marq. 26.

1280. Lex. 37 foll.; Preller, 1. 166 foll.; Mommsen, R. H. i. 173.

1281. Ἔφορος πάσης πράξεως, says Lydus, 4. 2, quoting Varro; cp. Ovid, Fasti, 165 foll.

1282. Plut. Q. R. 22.

1283. Macrob. 1. 9. 16; Horace, Sat. ii. 6. 20 foll.

1284. Macrob. 1. 9. 14.

1285. Varro, L. L. 7. 26; Fest. 122.

1286. Macr. 1. 9. 16.

1287. Macr. l. c. Wissowa (de Feriis, vi) says the true form is consevius; but the etymology holds.

1288. Roscher, Lex. 21, 26, 40.

1289. C. I. L. 1. 307, on the evidence of Ovid, Fast. 1. 629 and Varro, L. L. 7. 84.

1290. Wissowa, de Feriis, viii.