Primitive culture, vol. 1 (of 2)

270. Compare, in the same district, Camé ii, Cotoxó biebie, eubiähiä, multus, -a, -um.

271. J. H. Donker Curtius, ‘Essai de Grammaire Japonaise,’ p. 34, &c. 199. In former editions of the present work, the directly interjectional character of the o is held in an unqualified manner. Reference to the grammars of Prof. B. H. Chamberlain and others, where this particle (on, o) is connected with other forms implying a common root, leaves the argument to depend wholly or partly on the supposition of an interjectional source for this root. [Note to 3rd ed.]

272. Bruyas, ‘Mohawk Lang.,’ p. 16, in Smithson. Contr. vol. iii. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ Part iii. p. 328, 502, 507. Charlevoix, ‘Nouv. France,’ vol. i. p. 350.

273. The arre! may have been introduced into Europe by the Moors, as it is used in Arabic, and its use in Europe corresponds nearly with the limits of the Moorish conquest, in Spain arre! in Provence arri!

274. Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’ p. 92.

275. Ibid., p. 72.

276. De Brosses, vol.i.p. 203. See Wedgwood.

277. Also Oraon hae—ambo; Micmac é—mw.

278. A double contradiction in Carib anhan! = ‘yes!’ oua! = ‘no!’ Single contradictions in Catoquina hang! Tupi eém! Botocudo hemhem! Yoruba eñ! for ‘yes!’ Culino aiy! Australian yo! for ‘no!’ &c. How much these sounds depend on peculiar intonation, we, who habitually use h’m! either for ‘yes!’ or ‘no!’ can well understand.

279. (Charles de Brosses) ‘Traité de la Formation Mécanique des Langues, &c.’ Paris, An. ix., vol. i. p. 238; vol. ii. p. 313. Lazarus and Steinthal, ‘Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 421. Heyse, ‘System der Sprachwissenschaft,’ p. 73. Farrar, ‘Chapters on Language,’ p. 202.

280. Similar sounds are used to command silence, to stop speaking as well as to stop going. English husht!whist!hist! Welsh ust! French chut! Italian zitto! Swedish tyst! Russian st’! and the Latin st! so well described in the curious old line quoted by Mr. Farrar, which compares it with the gesture of the finger on the lips:—

‘Isis, et Harpocrates digito qui significat st!’

This group of interjections, again, has not been proved to be in use outside Aryan limits.

281. Catlin, ‘North American Indians,’ vol. i. pp. 221, 39, 151, 162. Bailey in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 318. Job xxvii. 23. (The verb shârak also signifies to call by a hiss, ‘and he will hiss unto them from the end of the earth, and behold, they shall come with speed,’ Is. v. 26; Jer. xix. 8.) Alcock, ‘The Capital of the Tycoon,’ vol. i. p. 394. Cook, ‘2nd Voy.’ vol. ii. p. 36. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 234.

282. Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’ p. 83, ‘Dictionary,’ Introd. p. xlix. and s.v. ‘foul.’ Prof. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd series, p. 92, protests against the indiscriminate derivation of words directly from such cries and interjections, without the intervention of determinate roots. As to the present topic, he points out that Latin pus, putridus, Gothic fuls, English foul, follow Grimm’s law as if words derived from a single root. Admitting this, however, the question has to be raised, how far pure interjections and their direct derivatives, being self-expressive and so to speak living sounds, are affected by phonetic changes such as that of Grimm’s law, which act on articulate sounds no longer fully expressive in themselves, but handed down by mere tradition. Thus p and f occur in one and the same dialect in interjections of disgust and aversion, puh! fi! being used in Venice or Paris, just as similar sounds would be in London. In tracing this group of words from early Aryan forms, it must also be noticed that Sanskrit is a very imperfect guide, for its alphabet has no f, and it can hardly give the rule in this matter to languages possessing both p and f, and thus capable of nicer appreciation of this class of interjections.

283. Mpongwe punjina; Basuto foka; Carib phoubäe; Arawac appüdün (ignem sufflare). Other cases are given by Wedgwood, ‘Or. of Lang.’ p. 83.

284. See Wedgwood, ‘Dic.’ Introd. p. viii.

285. See Wedgwood, Dic., s.v. ‘mum,’ &c.

286. Bates, ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 2nd ed., p. 404; Markham in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 143.

287. ‘Avesta,’ Farg. xviii. 34-5.

288. Wedgwood, Dic., s.v. ‘pigeon;’ Diez, ‘Etym. Wörterb.,’ s.v. ‘piccione.’

289. Bopp, ‘Gloss. Sanscr.,’ s.v. ‘go.’ See Pott, ‘Wurzel-Wörterb. der Indo-Germ. Spr.,’ s.v. ‘gu,’ ‘Zählmethode,’ p. 227.

290. Pott, ‘Doppelung (Reduplication, Gemination) als eines der wichtigsten Bildungsmittel der Sprache,’ 1862. Frequent use has been here made of this work.

291. For authorities see especially Pott, ‘Doppelung,’ p. 30, 47-49; W. v. Humboldt, ‘Kawi-Spr.’ vol. ii. p. 36; Max Müller in Bunsen, ‘Philos. of Univ. Hist.’ vol. i. p. 329; Latham, ‘Comp. Phil.’ p. 200; and the grammars and dictionaries of the particular languages. The Guarani and Carib on authority of D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 268; Dhimal of Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 69, 79, 115; Colville Ind. of Wilson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 331; Botocudo of Martius, ‘Gloss. Brasil.’

292. Also Old High German diz and daz.

293. Max Müller, l.c.

294. J. C. E. Buschmann, ‘Ueber den Naturlaut,’ Berlin, 1853; and in ‘Abh. der K. Akad. d. Wissensch,’ 1852. An English trans. in ‘Proc. Philological Society,’ vol. vi. See De Brosses, ‘Form. des L.,’ vol. i. p. 211.

295. One family of languages, the Athapascan, contains both appá and mama as terms for ‘father,’ in the Tahkali and Tlatskanai.

296. See Pott, ‘Indo-Ger. Wurzelwörterb.’s.v. ‘pâ’; Böhtlingk and Roth, ‘Sanskrit-Wörterb.’ s.v. mâtar; Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.,’ part ii. p. 349; Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd series, p. 212.

297. Facciolati, ‘Lexicon;’ Varro, ap. Nonn., ii. 97.

298. Plato, ‘Cratylus’, 90.

299. Mariner, ‘Tonga Islands,’ vol. ii. p. 390.

300. Crowther, ‘Yoruba Vocab.’; Burton, ‘W. & W. from W. Africa,’ p. 253. ‘O daju danu, o ko mo essan messan.—You (may seem) very clever, (but) you can’t tell 9 × 9.’

301. Low in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 408; ‘Year-Books Edw. I.’ (xx.-i.) ed. Horwood, p. 220.

302. Spix and Martius, ‘Reise in Brazilien,’ p. 387.

303. ‘Tasmanian Journal,’ vol. i.; Backhouse, ‘Narr.’ p. 104; Milligan in ‘Papers, &c., Roy. Soc. Tasmania,’ vol. iii. part ii. 1859.

304. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’; vol. iii. p. 291; Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 433; ‘Latham, Comp. Phil.’ p. 352. Other terms in Bonwick, l. c.

305. Sicard, ‘Théorie des Signes pour l’Instruction des Sourds-Muets,’vol.ii.p. 634.

306. Stanbridge in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 304.

307. Martius, ‘Gloss. Brasil,’ p. 15.