A.
Project Gutenberg EPUB3 edition
Hughes, Thomas Patrick
ʿĀLAM (عالم). The universe; world; condition, state of being.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-arwāḥ
The world of spirits.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-k͟halq
The world; this life.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-bāqī
The future state.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-aʿz̤amah
The highest heaven.
ʿĀlamu ʾsh-shahādah
The visible world.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-g͟haib
The invisible world.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-maʿqūl
The rational world.
The four mystic stages of the Ṣūfīs are—
ʿĀlamu ʾn-nāsūt
The present world.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-malakūt
The state of angels.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-jabarūt
The state of power.
ʿĀlamu ʾl-lāhūt
The state of absorption into the Divinity.
[SUFIISM.]
ʿALĀMĀT (علامات). The greater signs of the resurrection. [ʿALAMATU ʾS-SAʿAH, RESURRECTION.]
ʿALĀMĀTU ʾN-NUBŪWAH (علامات النبوة). “The signs of Prophecy.” A term used for the supposed miracles and other proofs of the mission of Muḥammad. The title of a chapter in the Traditions. (Mishkāt, xxi. c. vi.)
ʿALĀMĀTU ʾS-SĀʿAH (علامات الساعة). “The signs of the hour,” i.e. the signs of the time of the Resurrection and of the Day of Judgment. The title of a section of the Traditions. (Mishkāt, xxiii. c. 3.) [RESURRECTION.]
ʿALAQ (علق). “Congealed blood.” The title of the XCVIth Sūrah, the first five verses of which are generally allowed to be the earliest portion of the Qurʾān.
AL-BALDAH (البلدة). “The City.” A name sometimes used in the Ḥadīs̤ for Makkah.
ALCHEMY. Arabic Kīmiyāʾ (كيمياء). According to the Kashfu ʾz̤-z̤unūn, in loco, learned Muslims are not agreed as to the existence of this occult science, nor are they of one opinion as to its lawfulness, even if it should exist.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Mentioned in the Qurʾān as Ẕū ʾl-Qarnain, i.e. “He of the two horns,” with which he is represented on his coins. (Sūrah xviii. 82.) He seems to have been regarded by Muḥammad as one invested with a divine commission:—“Verily we established his power upon earth”; but commentators are not agreed whether to assign to him the position of a Prophet. [ZU ʾL-QARNAIN.]
AL-ḤAMD (الحمد). “Praise.” A title given to the first Sūrah, so called because its first word is Al-ḥamd. This chapter is also called Fātiḥah, which term is used by modern Muslims for the Sūrah when it is said for the benefit of the dead, Al-ḥamd being its more usual title. [FATIHAH.]
AL-ḤAMDU-LIʾLLĀH (الحمد لله). “Praise belongs to God.” An ejaculation which is called Taḥmīd, and which occurs at the commencement of the first chapter of the Qurʾān. It is used as an ejaculation of thanksgiving—“Thank God!” It is very often recited with the addition of Rabbi ʾl-ʿālamīn, “Lord of the Universe.” [TAHMID.]
AL-ʿALĪ (العلى). One of the ninety-nine special names of God. It means “The Exalted One.”
ʿALĪ (على). The son of Abū-T̤ālib, and a cousin-german to Muḥammad, who adopted him as his son. He married Fāt̤imah, the daughter of Muḥammad, and had by her three sons, Ḥasan, Ḥusain, and Muḥassin. He was the fourth K͟halīfah, and reigned from A.H. 35 to A.H. 40. He was struck with a poisoned sword by Ibn Muljam, at al-Kūfah, and died after three days, aged fifty-nine years. The Shīʿahs hold that, on the death of Muḥammad, ʿAlī was entitled to the Khalifate, and the respective claims of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿUs̤mān on the one hand, and of ʿAlī on the other, gave rise to the Shīʿah schism. ʿAlī is surnamed by the Arabs Asadu ʾllāh, and by the Persians Sher-i-K͟hudā, i.e. “The Lion of God.” [SHIʿAH.]
ALIF. The letter Alif (ا) is a monogram frequently placed at the head of letters, prescriptions, &c. It is the initial letter of the word Allāh (الله), “God.”
ALIF LĀM MĪM. The Arabic letters الم, corresponding to A L M, which occur at the commencement of six Sūrahs, namely Sūratu ʾl-Baqarah (II.), Sūratu Ālu ʿImrān (III.), Sūratu ʾl-ʿAnkabūt (XXIX.), Sūratu ʾr-Rūm (XXX.), Sūratu Luqmān (XXXI.), and Sūratu ʾs-Sijdah (XXXII.). Muḥammad never explained the meaning of these mysterious letters, and consequently they are a fruitful source of perplexity to learned commentators. Jalālu ʾd-dīn gives an exhaustive summary of the different views in his Itqān (p. 470). Some suppose they stand for the words Allāh, “God”; Lat̤īf, “gracious”; Majīd, “glorious.” Others say they stand for Ana ʾllāhu aʿlamu, “I am the God who knoweth.” Others maintain that they were not meant to be understood, and that they were inserted by the Divine command without explanation, in order to remind the reader that there were mysteries which his intellect would never fathom.
ĀLU ʿIMRĀN (آل عمرآن). “The family of ʿImrān.” The title of the third chapter of the Qurʾān.
ʿĀLIM (عالم), pl. ʿulamāʾ. A learned man. The term usually includes all religious teachers, such as Imāms, Muftīs, Qāẓīs, and Maulawīs; and in Turkey it denotes the political party led by the religious teachers.