Byways in British Archaeology

Abbots Bromley (Staffs.), 160, 185 Abbotsbury (Dorset), 128 n. Abbotsham (Devon), 345 Aberdeen, 301 Abinger (Surrey), mound, 62-3; stocks, 165 Achnacree (Argyle), 299 Acoustic jars in churches, 446-9, 451 Acoustic skulls in churches, 444-5, 449-51 Addington (Kent), 46 Addy, Mr S. O., on old Welsh courts, 64; Touting Hills, 71; old St Paul’s, 139; Royal Arms in churches, 144; theory respecting basilicas, 147-50, 151; word “church,” 147-9; “lord’s house,” 148; ostiarius, 149 Adonis, and Yuletide, 27 Aeneas, and chariots, 429 Aeneolithic Age, 249, 417, 419, 483 Aerolites, in churches, 197; superstition respecting, 198 Aestheticism in architecture, 238-41 Age of trees, how determined, 366-8 Agglestone, the (Dorset), 35-6 Ainus, burial customs of the, 247 Aird Dhubh (mountain), 352 Airy, Rev. W., on orientation of churches, 222, 226, 227, 233 Aland Isles, 402 Alciston (Sussex), 344 Aldborough (Yorks.), 273 Aldbourne (Wilts.), barrow, 314, 315 Aldworth (Berks.), 374, 398 “Ales” (= feasts), 175-9 Alexander Severus, 422 Alfold (Surrey), stocks, 165; yew, 221 n. Alfriston (Sussex), clergy house, 176; elm, 176, 384 Alinement of churches (see Orientation) Allcroft, Mr A. H., on Chisbury camp,

14; Burpham, 16; Mediaeval earthworks, 16, 60; defensive churches, 17; churches near earthworks, 17; Church Barrow, 30; castle-mounds, 55, 67; Cublington earthworks, 60; mound at Walton-on-the-Hill, 67; word “Toot,” 71; window-slits, 116 Allen, Grant, on grave-mounds, 260, 264; trees on barrows, 270; objects buried with the dead, 280, 319; barrow burials, 320; Evolution of the Idea of God, cited, 400 Allen, Mr J. Romilly, on the Chi-Rho, 5; Irish round towers, 121-2; orientation of graves, 247; evolution of “wheel-cross,” 269-70; coped tombstones, 272; burial customs of early Christians, 272, 275; Charon’s penny, 296; the comb in ritual, 311-12; burial of crozier with bishops, 311-12; chariot-burial, 430 Allington (Kent), 75 Alloa (Clackmannan), 275 All Souls’ Day, 27; Eve, 446 Alnwick (Northumberland), 163 Alpha Centauri, orientation to, 259 Alphamstone (Essex), 84-6 Altars, at East end of church, 205, 208-24; at West end, 206, 207, 214-17 Altar-tombs, 76, 346 Alton (Hants.), 496 Alvingham (Lincs.), 137 Amber, beads in graves, 300-1; as a charm, 301 Amesbury (Wilts.), churchyard, 344; discoveries at, 483 Amulets, in graves, 298, 300; teeth, used as, 301, 314 Ancaster (Lincs.), 12

Ancestor-worship, 280 Anchitherium, 409 Andrews, Dr C. W., on the horse, 408 Angers (France), 447 Anglo-Saxon remains (see under Saxon) Animism, defined, 279; Prof. Tylor on, 279-81 Anketell, Rev. R. H., on Alphamstone discoveries, 85, 86 Anne Boleyn’s Well (Surrey), 96 Annual rings, in trees, 364, 365, 366-9 Apostolical Constitutions, quoted, 211 Applesham Creek (Sussex), 78 Apsidal churches, 20, 22, 149, 213 Arabs, and magnetic needle, 228; burial customs, 293; cardinal points of, 326; and shoeing horses, 472 Arbalest, or cross-bow, 385, 386 Arber, Prof. E., his “English Scholar’s Library,” 244 Archaeologia, cited, 430 Archaeologia Cantiana, cited, 428 Archery, British, 385-94; statutes concerning, 389-90; practised on the village green, 392; traditions, 491 Arcturus, orientation to, 259 Arkholme (Lancs.), mound, 56, 61 Arles (France), Council of, 2; church of St Blaise, 447 Arlington (Sussex), 79 Armitage, Mrs E. S., on castle-mounds, 55 Armour, stored in churches, 157-62; parish, 158; town, 158; funeral, 159, 284; at Repton, 159; Darley, 159; Mendlesham, 160; Olaus Magnus, respecting, 161-2; stands for, in churches, 496 Arnold-Forster, Miss F., her Studies in Church

Dedications, 234 Arrichinaga (Spain), 29 Arrow-heads, 283, 315, 388, 390 Arrows, regulation of manufacture, 390 Art, of primitive man, 411-12, 414, 420-1 Aryans, early orientation among, 325, 328; supposed Asiatic origin, 333, 382; and horses, 421-2 Ascension Day customs, 92 Ascham, Roger, on archery, 391 Ash (Kent), 283 Ashburnham (Sussex), 201 n. Ashburton (Devon), manorial courts, 137; yew-tree, 391; acoustic jars, 449, 450 Ashby, Dr Thomas, explorations at Caerwent, 25 Ashby-de-la-Zouch (Leicester), 349 Ashford (Middlesex), 250 n. Ashtead (Surrey), Roman camp, 11; cedar and yew in churchyard, 384 Ash-trees, in churchyards, 384 Ash-Wednesday, symbolism of, 317; and yew, 382 Assandun, battle of, 200 Aston, as place-name, 339 Astronomy, early, 254, 257; cycles, 256 As You Like It, quoted, 460 Athelstan, and horse-breeding, 422 Athenaeum, cited, 4, 441 Athenian coins, 484; sacrifices, 484 Atkinson, Canon J. C., on Whitby Abbey, 234, 239; charcoal in graves, 289-90; funeral feasts, 319; “averils,” 320; grave-mounds, 357 Aubrey, John, on horseshoe custom, 157; dancing in church, 185; burial in a North-and-South direction, 244; Tandridge yew, 370-1 Augurs, divination by the left

hand, 326, 327; by the horse, 434, 435 Augustine, and churches, 26 Augustus, Emperor, his villa at Capri, 198; burial of his horse, 432 Aurochs, the, 477 Austen, Canon G., on Whitby Abbey, 234 n., 235 Australia, burial customs, 247, 313, 322 Austria, 452 Auvergne, churches of, 216 Avebury (Wilts.), earthwork, 13, 30; church, 13; Palm Sunday celebration, 194 Avebury, Lord, on the horse, 416 Aveley (Essex), 189 “Averils,” or averil bread, 320 Avisford (Sussex), 314 Axes, made of amber, 299 Aylesford (Kent), “urn-field,” 261; flat-earth burials, 276; discovery of bucket, 434 Aysgarth (Yorks.), 259 Baal-worship, 218, 220 Bagshot Sands, 35, 40 Bailey, or bailey-court, 52, 61 Bailiff, chosen in church, 143 Bakewell (Derby), churchyard cross, 329 Bakewell, Robert, on shoeing oxen, 473 Baldock (Herts.), 159 Bale, Bishop, his Protestant plays, 183 Bamberg (Bavaria), 27 Bampton (Norfolk), 222 Banquets, in churches, 178-80; funeral, 319-21, 419 Baptism, at the church door, 143; St Jerome on, 220; superstition, 331 Barclay, E., on Stonehenge, 219 Bards, assemblies of, 33, 98 Bardsey (Yorks.), 59 Barfreston (Kent), 239 Baring-Gould, Rev. S., on holy wells of Cornwall, 96; wheels of fortune,

202; deflected chancels, 231; animals suspended from trees, 443 Barkway (Herts.), 448 Barnet (Herts.), 344 Barrington, Daines, on Fortingal yew, 376; on “shelter theory,” 384 Barrows, at Abinger, 62-3; early respect for, 64, 83, 87; Over Worton, 75; Ryton, 76; Brinklow, 76; Speeton, 78; Taplow, 81-2; Ludlow, 82; of Neolithic and Bronze Ages, 99, 249, 417; trees planted on, 270; discussion on word, 270-1; objects found in, 280, 282-3, 285, 300-1, 430, 483; fire-kindlers in, 293, 294; fossils, 302-4, 305; Aldbourne, 314, 315; feasts, 320, 438; North side of, 357; horse in, 416, 417, 419; oxen in, 483 Bartholomew Anglicus, quoted, 456 Barwick-in-Elmet (Yorks.), 59 Basildon (Berks.), 373 Basilica, at Southwell, 9; Reculver, 20; Silchester, 23; meaning of word, 146, 151; Roman, 148, 150; British, 148, 213; at Jarrow, 149; Rome, 150, 214-15; orientation of, 213, 214-15; at Bosham, 495 Bateman, T., his excavations of barrows, 416 Battlements, 117 Bavaria, 497 Baye, Baron J. de, on sacrificial custom, 321 Bayeux tapestry, and long-bow, 387; oxen, 455 Bayonne (France) Cathedral, 231 Beads, in graves, 300-1, 305, 314 Becket’s shrine, 131 Beckett, Sir E. (Lord Grimthorpe), on orientation,

216; acoustic jars, 447 Beckmann, J., on shoeing horses, 470 n. Bedale (Yorks.), 107 Bede, the Venerable, on St Alban, 4; St Martin’s, 20; temple at Godmanham, 32; Wessex, 36; Jarrow, 43; orientation of graves, 244, 247; witchcraft, 397; horse-races, 422; story of Coifi, 436 Beehive huts, 120 Beeston (Norfolk), 353 Belemnites, in barrows, 307 Belfries, in Ireland, 120-2; origin of word, 126-7; horse-skulls found in, 445 Belgium, votive offerings, 203; caves of, 308; burial customs, 311 Belloc, Mr Hilaire, on Bishopstoke church, 45; Pilgrims’ Way, 338, 339 Bells, early, 120-2; “thief and reever,” 138; Mediaeval, 448; on oxen, 462-3, 475 Beltane fires, 403 Beltout (Sussex), 71 Benachie (Aberdeen), 48 Benedictine abbeys, 329 “Benefit of adjuration,” 354 Bengal, grave-gifts of, 313 Bennett, Mr F. J., on sarsens near churches, 40; Ogbourne Maisey mound, 75 Benson, Mr A. C., quoted, 137 “Beowulf,” use of the word “gallows,” 68; funeral mounds, 73; amulets in graves, 300 Berenger, Richard, on horseshoes, 424 Berkeley (Glos.), detached tower, 122; school in church porch, 154 Berkeley, Bishop G., quoted, 333 Berkshire, yews of, 406 Berwick (Sussex), mound, 75-6; dovecot, 188, 189

Berzelius, on analysis of bone, 90 Beverley (Yorks.) Minster, 165; oxen, 452 Bewcastle (Cumberland), 87 Bible, ideas of orientation in, 217-20; quoted, 318; symbolism of the North, 334-5; references to the horse, 420; white horses, 433; horse hoofs, 472; oxen, 481, 487 Bid-ales, 179 Bields (= cattle-shelters), 68 Bildeston (Suffolk), 155 Binstead (I. of Wight), 49 Birch, Mr W. de Gray, on Domesday ox-team, 458 Birling (Kent), 40 Birmingham, St Bartholomew’s chapel, 211 Bishops, burial of, 312 Bishopsgate Street (London), 247 Bishopstoke (Hants.), 45 Bishopstone (Sussex), position of church, 101; sundial, 162; chancel, 230; churchyard, 344 Bishops Stortford (Herts.), 418 Bisley (Glos.), 95 Bison, the European, 475-6 Black Death, the, 175 Black, Mr W. G., on yew in witchcraft, 396 Blackmore, Mr Stephen, 80, 474 Blashill, Mr T., on ancient agriculture, 497 Blickling (Norfolk), 266 Blomfield, Prof. R., on orientation, 209 Bloomsbury (London), 207 “Blue stones,” 35, 193 Blunt, Mr W. S., on shoeing horses, 471-2 Blyborough (Lincs.), 346 Boars’ tusks in graves, 80, 83, 302, 310, 430 Boat, model of Scandinavian, 108 Boldre (Hants.), 384 Bologna (Italy), 216 Bolsterstone (Yorks.), 42

Bolton (Lancs.), 137 Bond, Mr F., on Southwell Cathedral, 9; Westminster Abbey, 9, 134-5; age of church towers, 108; Irish round towers, 121; size of churches, 134-5; entasis of spires, 240 Bone-caves, 308, 411, 417 Bones, in churches, 198-201; as talismans, 321 Bonner, Mr A., on place-names, 32, 43 Bonner, Bishop, and miracle plays, 183 Booty, Rev. C. S., on Rudstone menhir, 43 Borromeo, St Charles, on church-building, 241 Bosbury (Hereford), 123 Boscawen-ûn (Cornwall), 256 Bos frontosus, 480 Bosham (Sussex), Roman villa, 9, 495; deflected chancel, 230; pole in, 496 Bos longifrons, 476, 478, 479, 480 Bos primigenius, 476, 477, 479, 480 Bos priscus, 475 Boston (Lincs.), mayor chosen in church, 143; discoveries at, 444 Botontine (= surveyor’s mound), 61 Bottesford (Lincs.), 350 Boulder Clay, 16, 36, 85, 110, 406 Boundaries, barrows on, 69; treaties concerning, 338 “Bournes” (= intermittent springs), 96 Bovata (= oxgang), 456 Bow, antiquity of word, 387; kinds of, 387-90 Bowman, J. E., experiments on yews, 365 Bowstaves, statutes concerning, 390, 391; from the churchyard yew, 394 Brabourne (Kent), 376, 379 Bradford-on-Avon (Wilts.), 115, 171, 172 Brading (I. of Wight), 165 Bradwell

(Essex), 23 Brady, J., on English yew timber, 392 Brahmans, the, and praying towards the East, 217; respect for fossil ammonites, 307 Braintree (Essex), 454 Braitmaier, Miss M., on gable ornaments, 441 Bramber (Sussex), 78 Bramfield (Suffolk), 123 “Brandgruben,” 276 Brand, John, on tithe-barns, 176; Birmingham church, 211; vulgar rites, 243; curious burial, 245; funeral feasts, 319; burial on North side, 343; Edinburgh burial-ground, 351 Branks (= scolds’ bridles), 163 Branscombe (Devon), stone in churchyard, 41; headstones, 346 Branxton (Northumberland), 354 Bratton Hill (Wilts.), 433, 434 Bray, W., on church porch at Wotton, 154 Bread, stored in churches, 173 Breedon (Leicester), 104 Brenchley (Kent), 52 Brent Pelham (Herts.), stocks, 165; deflected chancel, 230 Brent Tor (Devon), 129 Bretasche, or guard-house, 53 Bride-ales, 179 Bridgenorth (Salop), 394 Bridlington (Yorks.), 230, 483 n. Brigg (Lincs.), 453 Brighston (see Brixton) Brightlingsea (Essex), 143 Brighton and Hove Archaeological Club, 78 Brighton Museum, 80 Brinklow (Warwick), 76 Bristol, St Mary’s Redcliffe, 199 Britain, early settlements, 105-6 British Association, the, 403, 418, 494 Brittany, lingering paganism in,

29; crosses and calvaries, 37; church superstition, 103; dolmens, 270; peasantry and thunderbolts, 197; “wheels of fortune,” 202; objects in churches, 203; megaliths, 308; superstitious customs, 446, 496; “Pardons,” 482 “Brit-Welsh” caves, 437 Brixton (I. of Wight), 90 Brixworth (Northants.), church, 9, 10; church crypt, 148 Brompton (London), 208 Bronze Age, relics, 67, 84, 85, 99, 249, 249 n., 257, 274, 290, 311, 418, 419, 433; moundless graves, 261; coffins, 274, 278; horse, 416; rock-carvings, 421; oxen, 477, 479, 483 Brook (I. of Wight), 101 Brookland (Kent), 123 Brown, Rev. A. W., on Pytchley burials, 80 Brown, Prof. G. Baldwin, on Romano-British churches, 5; Reculver, 20; Dover Castle, 20; St Martin’s (Canterbury), 22; Jarrow, 23; Silchester, 24, 30; St Martin’s (Leicester), 30; Earl’s Barton mound, 62; pagan sites, 99; Lincolnshire towers, 108, 110; Eccles- in place-names, 147; “coenacula,” 148; orientation of churches, 213 Browne, Sir T., quoted, 201, 267; on burial customs, 201, 247; combs in graves, 311; yew on funeral pyres, 382-3 Brownsover (Warwick), 15 Bruniquel (Tarn-et-Garonne), 421 Brunne, Robert de, on funeral feasts, 319 Brunswick, arms of, 433 Buckland (Kent),

377 Bucklebury (Berks.), 295 Buick, Rev. G. R., discovery at Whitepark Bay, 418 Bulgarian funeral custom, 318 Bull-baiting, 179 Bullen, Rev. R. A., on Constantine church, 41; charcoal in graves, 289 Bullock, use of term, 465 (see also Oxen) Bulls, in divination, 435, 483; in sacrifice, 481; in folk-lore, 482, 484, 486 Burghcastle (Suffolk), 11 Burghead (Elgin), 299 Burgh-on-the-Sands (Cumberland), 107 Burgundy, burial custom, 296 “Burh,” meaning of term, 55 Burham (Kent), 4 Burial customs, survivals in, 268-323, 490 Burial feasts, 319-21, 419 Burial-grounds, ancient, near Christian churches, 83-6, 262 Burials, in East-and-West position, 80, 83, 243-9, 352; North-and-South, 244-5, 246; in barrows, 249-51, 357; facing the sun, 249-52; in cemeteries, 262, 263; in churchyards, 262, 353; in church, 262; in upright position, 266; on hills, 266-7; without coffins, 271; in woollen, 278-9; of unbaptized persons, 302, 351; of suicides, 351, 352, 357-9; in open fields, 359 Burials Bill, 1899, 341 Burial Service, the, 315, 318; modified, 341 Burke, Edmund, quoted, 342 Burlingham St Andrew (Norfolk), 348 Burnham-on-Crouch (Essex), 344 Burn, J., his Parish Registers, cited, 352 Burns, Robert,

quoted, 457 Burnsall (Yorks.), 165; font, 434 Burpham (Sussex), 15, 443 n. Burrington Camp (Somerset), 258 Burrowes, Stephen, his voyages, 228 Burrows, Mr H. A., on fossil teeth, 308 Bury Fields (Bucks.), 61 Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), 139 Butler, A. J., on Coptic churches, 221 Butler, Bishop, quoted, 346, 360 Butts, near churchyard, 353; shooting at, 386; repair of, 391 Byzantine architecture, 215 Cabot, Sebastian, 199 Caddington (Beds.), 41 Caer Capel (Denbigh), 104 Cae’r Hen Eglwys (Glamorgan), 31 Caerleon-on-Usk (Monmouth), 422 Caerwent (Monmouth), 25 Caesar, on British camps, 89 n.; on the yew, 362; British chariots, 421, 422; the urus, 477; the Ides of March, 482 Caister (Norfolk), 11 Caistor (Lincs.), Roman camp, 12; springs, 12, 97 Calcined flints, 292 Calendar, alteration of, 226; Julian 254 Caligula, and his horse, 439 Calleva Atrebatum (= Silchester), 23 Calvaries of Brittany, 37 Camberwell (London), 206 Camborne (Cornwall), 37 Cambridge, round church, 99; Emmanuel College, 208; prehistoric bowstave, 388 Camden, W., on Essex custom, 443 Camels, shoeing of, 470 Campanile, use of, 121; of old St Paul’s, 148 Cam valley, the, 468 Candles, in graves, 295 Canewdon (Essex),

bone in church, 199-200; battle, 200; name, 201 Canterbury, churches, 20; Becket’s shrine, 192; alinement of cathedral, 230 Canute, his battle with Edmund Ironsides, 200 Cape Colony, 452 Capel Garmon (Denbigh), 104 Capella, orientation to, 221, 259 Capri (Italy), 198 Cardinal points, folk-lore of the, 324-59; symbolism, 324-59, 404; Heylyn’s description, 333-4; in place-names, 339-40 Carew, Richard, on Cornish oxen, 457; names of oxen, 486 Carnac (France), Mont St Michel, 129; blessing of oxen, 446; “Pardon,” 482; discovery at, 482 Carnarvon, circular churchyards of, 99; burial at, 312 Carshalton (Surrey), 96 Cartailhac, M. É., on the domestication of the horse, 415 Carthaginians, and temple of Juno, 442 “Carucata,” meaning discussed, 456 Castle Acre (Norfolk), 12 Castles, early, 51-5; keeps compared with church towers, 107; mounds, 51-63, 67 (see Moated Mounds) Cataclew stone, 41 Caterham (Surrey), position of church, 101; churchyard, 344 Cativolcus, poisoned by yew, 362 Cattle, in the church and churchyard, 186-8; and yew leaves, 362, 385; breeds, 453, 455; Park, 476, 477, 478; long-horned and short-horned, 478-9; polled, 479; black, 480, 483 (see also Oxen) Caumont, M. de, on

deflection of chancels, 231 Cave period, 414, 437; men of, 439-40 Caves, of France, 308, 411, 412; of England, 412; of Spain, 497 Caythorpe (Lincs.), 240 Cedars, in churchyards, 384 Celchyth, Council of, 437 Celtic burials, 276, 299; horse cult, 433, 441; pottery, 449, 450 Celtic shorthorn, 476, 479-80 Celts, chariots of the, 421-2 Celts (= stone implements), 79-80, 197, 298, 302 Cemeteries, ancient, 83-6, 262, 299, 353, 354 Centaurs, the, 419 Century Dictionary, cited, 363 Cerithium (= fossil shell), 308 Cerne Abbas (Dorset), 96, 427 Ceylon, 309, 452 Chadwell St Mary (Essex), 50 Chagford (Devon), 175 Chained books, in churches, 164 Chaldon (Surrey), 101 Chalk (Kent), 9 Chalk coffin, 351 Chambers, Mr E. K., his Mediaeval Stage referred to, 180; evolution of ritual and miracle plays, 181-2, 183 Chancels, at East end of church, 205-11; at West end, 206, 207; “twisted” or deflected, 229-38, 242, 334; and rebuilding of church, 233-4, 235 Chapel Carn Brea (Cornwall), 78 Charcoal, in graves, 287, 289-91, 292-3 Chariots, burial of, 276, 429, 430, 431; early use, 419, 421; British, 421; the Latin word discussed, 422 Charlemagne, 263 Charms, teeth, 302, 305; yew, 396, 397, 399 Charon’s

penny, 296 Chart (Kent), 167 Chartley (Staffs.), 477, 478 Charvais (France), 248 Chatham (Kent), 206, 459 n. Chaucer, his Wife of Bath quoted, 156 Chauncy, Sir H., on orientation, 223 Chedworth (Glos.), 5 Cheltenham (Glos.), 154 Cheriton (Hants.), mound, 74; spring, 74, 96 Cheriton (Kent), 128 Chertsey (Surrey), 344 Cheshire, scolds’ bridles in, 163 Chesterfield (Derby), 199 Chester-le-Street (Durham), 12 “Chestnuts” of the horse, 411 Chests, church, 168-70, 199, 200 Chichester cathedral, 312 n. Childeric I, tomb of, 424 Chillingham Park (Northumberland), cattle of, 476, 477 Chilswell Hill (Oxford), 195 Chilworth (Surrey), 131, 269 China, and magnetic needle, 228; burial custom in, 296; and eclipses, 397 Chipstead (Surrey), alinement of graves, 230; deflected chancel, 245; yew, 377, 379- 405 Chi-Rho monogram, 5, 6, 24 Chisbury (Wilts.), 14 Chislehurst, mound in churchyard, 76-8, 260; cockpit, 190; tombstones, 344 Cholesbury (Bucks.), 15 Chollerton (Northumberland), 7 Christchurch (Hants.), 154 Christian cemeteries, early, 80, 247-8, 262, 290 Christianity, early British, 2-3, 23-4, 26, 63, 437, 438, 446; compromises of, 26-9, 399, 437; “social theory” of, 133; burial customs of,

246, 262, 263, 272, 274, 275, 277, 311-12, 316, 317 Christian Malford (Wilts.), 33 Christison, Dr D., 365, 371, 374 Christison, Sir R., on yew-trees, 365, 371, 372, 374, 375; on Fortingal yew, 375 Christmas, originally a pagan festival, 27; dancing at, 185; evergreens at, 402; tradition respecting oxen, 486 “Christ’s Book,” 168 “Church,” etymology of the word, 145-7; Greek and Latin equivalents, 146; Teutonic and Celtic equivalents, 146-7 Church-ales, 175-9 Church armour, 158 Church Barrow, Cranborne Chase, 30 Church Bottom (Cambs.), 30 Church, chancel, 140, 170-1 (see also Chancels) Church chests, 168-70 Church doors, 143, 156; position of, 328, 348 Churchdown (Glos.), 103, 104 Churches, on pagan sites, 1-100, 444, 488; early Christian, in Britain, 2, 23; of wattle, 3, 23; Roman materials in, 4, 5, 495; on sites of Roman villas, 6-9; in Roman camps, 11-13; near earthworks, 13-18; removed by fairies or demons, 17; near stone-circles, 28, 29 n., 45-8, 86; near sarsens and megaliths, 34-49, 104; near moated mounds, 55-63; near Toot Hills, 60, 69-72; near barrows, 74-83; near early cemeteries, 83-6; near holy wells, 92-7; round, 99; on hills, 101-4; used as beacons, 127-32; naves of,

132, 154, 170-1, 173, 183; daily services in, 135; courts held in, 136-40; notices on doors, 143-4; Royal Arms in, 144; crypts of, 148, 150; schools in porches of, 152-5; armour stored in, 157, 159, 160; dials on walls, 162, 164; chained books in, 164; weather-cocks on, 164; records kept in, 168-70; Court Rolls kept in, 168-70; storage of wills in, 170; of goods, 171-3; markets held in, 173-4; banquets, 178-80; plays held in, 182-3; animals admitted into, 186-7; dovecots in, 188, 189; cock-fighting in, 190; dedications of, 191, 192; aerolites and fossils in, 197-9; eggs in, 202; wheels of fortune, 202; orientation of, 205-42; standing North and South, 206, 207, 208; supposed development from basilica, 215; of Norfolk, 222; of Hants., 222; of Herts., 223; deflected chancels of, 229-41; burial in, 262; hatchments in, 284; position with respect to churchyard, 348-9; “giant’s staff,” 496 Church fabric, secular uses, 101-204, 488-9; tower, 107-18, 122-5; nave, 132; doors, 143, 404; porch, 143, 152-60; protection afforded by, 169-70; repair of, 170 Church fonts, 7, 434 Church-gift, custom, 156 Church-house, armour stored in, 159, 160; uses of, 175-6, 178-9; leases respecting, 178

Church, nave of, 132, 154, 170-1, 173, 183 Church porch, baptisms and weddings in, 143; schools, 152-5; fireplaces, 154; galleries, 155; business, 155-6; stirrup stones, 157; armour, 157, 159, 160 Church towers, defensive, 107-18, 122-5, 150; Saxon, 9, 10, 13, 62, 108-11, 117; of Lincolnshire, 108-11; of Gower, 112-13; of Pembroke, 113-15; comparison with castle keeps, 115-18; detached, 122-3; horse-skulls in, 445 Churchwardens, civil functions of, 142, 157; and protection of the church and churchyard, 157; published accounts of, 175, 184, 380, 391, 394; and church-ales, 176; responsibility for churchyard, 187 Churchyards, showing false appearance of fortification, 16, 88-91; raised, 90-1, 372; circular, 97-8; meetings in, 139-40; stocks in, 165; plays performed in, 182, 183; markets in, 191-2; sports in, 196-7; burials in, 261, 262-3; yews, 328, 348; North side disliked, 335; burials on North side of, 341-52; with North side wanting, 344; with South side wanting, 344; position with regard to the church, 348-9; unconsecrated, 343, 352; as playgrounds, 352;